1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Red Hat Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the libguestfs package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: libguestfs 1.11.16\n"
10 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: libguestfs@redhat.com\n"
11 "POT-Creation-Date: 2011-07-13 15:55+0200\n"
12 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
13 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
14 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
17 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
18 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
21 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:3 ../fish/guestfish.pod:3 ../test-tool/libguestfs-test-tool.pod:3 ../fuse/guestmount.pod:3 ../tools/virt-win-reg.pl:35 ../tools/virt-list-filesystems.pl:30 ../tools/virt-tar.pl:31 ../tools/virt-make-fs.pl:35 ../tools/virt-list-partitions.pl:30
26 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:5
27 msgid "guestfs - Library for accessing and modifying virtual machine images"
31 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:7 ../fish/guestfish.pod:7 ../test-tool/libguestfs-test-tool.pod:7 ../fuse/guestmount.pod:7 ../tools/virt-win-reg.pl:39 ../tools/virt-list-filesystems.pl:34 ../tools/virt-tar.pl:35 ../tools/virt-make-fs.pl:39 ../tools/virt-list-partitions.pl:34
36 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:9
39 " #include <guestfs.h>\n"
44 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:11
47 " guestfs_h *g = guestfs_create ();\n"
48 " guestfs_add_drive (g, \"guest.img\");\n"
49 " guestfs_launch (g);\n"
50 " guestfs_mount (g, \"/dev/sda1\", \"/\");\n"
51 " guestfs_touch (g, \"/hello\");\n"
52 " guestfs_umount (g, \"/\");\n"
53 " guestfs_close (g);\n"
58 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:19
61 " cc prog.c -o prog -lguestfs\n"
63 " cc prog.c -o prog `pkg-config libguestfs --cflags --libs`\n"
68 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:23 ../fish/guestfish.pod:30 ../test-tool/libguestfs-test-tool.pod:11 ../fuse/guestmount.pod:20 ../tools/virt-win-reg.pl:63 ../tools/virt-list-filesystems.pl:40 ../tools/virt-tar.pl:77 ../tools/virt-make-fs.pl:47 ../tools/virt-list-partitions.pl:40
73 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:25
75 "Libguestfs is a library for accessing and modifying guest disk images. "
76 "Amongst the things this is good for: making batch configuration changes to "
77 "guests, getting disk used/free statistics (see also: virt-df), migrating "
78 "between virtualization systems (see also: virt-p2v), performing partial "
79 "backups, performing partial guest clones, cloning guests and changing "
80 "registry/UUID/hostname info, and much else besides."
84 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:33
86 "Libguestfs uses Linux kernel and qemu code, and can access any type of guest "
87 "filesystem that Linux and qemu can, including but not limited to: ext2/3/4, "
88 "btrfs, FAT and NTFS, LVM, many different disk partition schemes, qcow, "
93 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:38
95 "Libguestfs provides ways to enumerate guest storage (eg. partitions, LVs, "
96 "what filesystem is in each LV, etc.). It can also run commands in the "
97 "context of the guest. Also you can access filesystems over FUSE."
101 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:43
103 "Libguestfs is a library that can be linked with C and C++ management "
104 "programs (or management programs written in OCaml, Perl, Python, Ruby, Java, "
105 "PHP, Haskell or C#). You can also use it from shell scripts or the command "
110 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:48
112 "You don't need to be root to use libguestfs, although obviously you do need "
113 "enough permissions to access the disk images."
117 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:51
119 "Libguestfs is a large API because it can do many things. For a gentle "
120 "introduction, please read the L</API OVERVIEW> section next."
124 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:54
126 "There are also some example programs in the L<guestfs-examples(3)> manual "
131 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:57
136 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:59
138 "This section provides a gentler overview of the libguestfs API. We also try "
139 "to group API calls together, where that may not be obvious from reading "
140 "about the individual calls in the main section of this manual."
144 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:64
149 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:66
151 "Before you can use libguestfs calls, you have to create a handle. Then you "
152 "must add at least one disk image to the handle, followed by launching the "
153 "handle, then performing whatever operations you want, and finally closing "
154 "the handle. By convention we use the single letter C<g> for the name of the "
155 "handle variable, although of course you can use any name you want."
159 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:73
160 msgid "The general structure of all libguestfs-using programs looks like this:"
164 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:76
167 " guestfs_h *g = guestfs_create ();\n"
172 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:78
175 " /* Call guestfs_add_drive additional times if there are\n"
176 " * multiple disk images.\n"
178 " guestfs_add_drive (g, \"guest.img\");\n"
183 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:83
186 " /* Most manipulation calls won't work until you've launched\n"
187 " * the handle 'g'. You have to do this _after_ adding drives\n"
188 " * and _before_ other commands.\n"
190 " guestfs_launch (g);\n"
195 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:89
198 " /* Now you can examine what partitions, LVs etc are available.\n"
200 " char **partitions = guestfs_list_partitions (g);\n"
201 " char **logvols = guestfs_lvs (g);\n"
206 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:94
209 " /* To access a filesystem in the image, you must mount it.\n"
211 " guestfs_mount (g, \"/dev/sda1\", \"/\");\n"
216 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:98
219 " /* Now you can perform filesystem actions on the guest\n"
222 " guestfs_touch (g, \"/hello\");\n"
227 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:103
230 " /* This is only needed for libguestfs < 1.5.24. Since then\n"
231 " * it is done automatically when you close the handle. See\n"
232 " * discussion of autosync in this page.\n"
234 " guestfs_sync (g);\n"
239 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:109
242 " /* Close the handle 'g'. */\n"
243 " guestfs_close (g);\n"
248 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:112
250 "The code above doesn't include any error checking. In real code you should "
251 "check return values carefully for errors. In general all functions that "
252 "return integers return C<-1> on error, and all functions that return "
253 "pointers return C<NULL> on error. See section L</ERROR HANDLING> below for "
254 "how to handle errors, and consult the documentation for each function call "
255 "below to see precisely how they return error indications. See "
256 "L<guestfs-examples(3)> for fully worked examples."
260 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:121
265 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:123
267 "The image filename (C<\"guest.img\"> in the example above) could be a disk "
268 "image from a virtual machine, a L<dd(1)> copy of a physical hard disk, an "
269 "actual block device, or simply an empty file of zeroes that you have created "
270 "through L<posix_fallocate(3)>. Libguestfs lets you do useful things to all "
275 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:129
277 "The call you should use in modern code for adding drives is "
278 "L</guestfs_add_drive_opts>. To add a disk image, allowing writes, and "
279 "specifying that the format is raw, do:"
283 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:133
286 " guestfs_add_drive_opts (g, filename,\n"
287 " GUESTFS_ADD_DRIVE_OPTS_FORMAT, \"raw\",\n"
293 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:137
294 msgid "You can add a disk read-only using:"
298 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:139
301 " guestfs_add_drive_opts (g, filename,\n"
302 " GUESTFS_ADD_DRIVE_OPTS_FORMAT, \"raw\",\n"
303 " GUESTFS_ADD_DRIVE_OPTS_READONLY, 1,\n"
309 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:144
311 "or by calling the older function L</guestfs_add_drive_ro>. In either case "
312 "libguestfs won't modify the file."
316 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:147
318 "Be extremely cautious if the disk image is in use, eg. if it is being used "
319 "by a virtual machine. Adding it read-write will almost certainly cause disk "
320 "corruption, but adding it read-only is safe."
324 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:151
326 "You must add at least one disk image, and you may add multiple disk images. "
327 "In the API, the disk images are usually referred to as C</dev/sda> (for the "
328 "first one you added), C</dev/sdb> (for the second one you added), etc."
332 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:156
334 "Once L</guestfs_launch> has been called you cannot add any more images. You "
335 "can call L</guestfs_list_devices> to get a list of the device names, in the "
336 "order that you added them. See also L</BLOCK DEVICE NAMING> below."
340 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:161
345 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:163
347 "Before you can read or write files, create directories and so on in a disk "
348 "image that contains filesystems, you have to mount those filesystems using "
349 "L</guestfs_mount_options> or L</guestfs_mount_ro>. If you already know that "
350 "a disk image contains (for example) one partition with a filesystem on that "
351 "partition, then you can mount it directly:"
355 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:170
358 " guestfs_mount_options (g, \"\", \"/dev/sda1\", \"/\");\n"
363 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:172
365 "where C</dev/sda1> means literally the first partition (C<1>) of the first "
366 "disk image that we added (C</dev/sda>). If the disk contains Linux LVM2 "
367 "logical volumes you could refer to those instead (eg. C</dev/VG/LV>). Note "
368 "that these are libguestfs virtual devices, and are nothing to do with host "
373 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:178
375 "If you are given a disk image and you don't know what it contains then you "
376 "have to find out. Libguestfs can do that too: use "
377 "L</guestfs_list_partitions> and L</guestfs_lvs> to list possible partitions "
378 "and LVs, and either try mounting each to see what is mountable, or else "
379 "examine them with L</guestfs_vfs_type> or L</guestfs_file>. To list just "
380 "filesystems, use L</guestfs_list_filesystems>."
384 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:186
386 "Libguestfs also has a set of APIs for inspection of unknown disk images (see "
387 "L</INSPECTION> below). But you might find it easier to look at higher level "
388 "programs built on top of libguestfs, in particular L<virt-inspector(1)>."
392 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:191
394 "To mount a filesystem read-only, use L</guestfs_mount_ro>. There are "
395 "several other variations of the C<guestfs_mount_*> call."
399 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:194
400 msgid "FILESYSTEM ACCESS AND MODIFICATION"
404 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:196
406 "The majority of the libguestfs API consists of fairly low-level calls for "
407 "accessing and modifying the files, directories, symlinks etc on mounted "
408 "filesystems. There are over a hundred such calls which you can find listed "
409 "in detail below in this man page, and we don't even pretend to cover them "
410 "all in this overview."
414 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:202
416 "Specify filenames as full paths, starting with C<\"/\"> and including the "
421 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:205
423 "For example, if you mounted a filesystem at C<\"/\"> and you want to read "
424 "the file called C<\"etc/passwd\"> then you could do:"
428 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:208
431 " char *data = guestfs_cat (g, \"/etc/passwd\");\n"
436 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:210
438 "This would return C<data> as a newly allocated buffer containing the full "
439 "content of that file (with some conditions: see also L</DOWNLOADING> below), "
440 "or C<NULL> if there was an error."
444 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:214
446 "As another example, to create a top-level directory on that filesystem "
447 "called C<\"var\"> you would do:"
451 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:217
454 " guestfs_mkdir (g, \"/var\");\n"
459 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:219
460 msgid "To create a symlink you could do:"
464 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:221
467 " guestfs_ln_s (g, \"/etc/init.d/portmap\",\n"
468 " \"/etc/rc3.d/S30portmap\");\n"
473 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:224
475 "Libguestfs will reject attempts to use relative paths and there is no "
476 "concept of a current working directory."
480 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:227
482 "Libguestfs can return errors in many situations: for example if the "
483 "filesystem isn't writable, or if a file or directory that you requested "
484 "doesn't exist. If you are using the C API (documented here) you have to "
485 "check for those error conditions after each call. (Other language bindings "
486 "turn these errors into exceptions)."
490 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:233
492 "File writes are affected by the per-handle umask, set by calling "
493 "L</guestfs_umask> and defaulting to 022. See L</UMASK>."
497 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:236
502 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:238
504 "Libguestfs contains API calls to read, create and modify partition tables on "
509 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:241
511 "In the common case where you want to create a single partition covering the "
512 "whole disk, you should use the L</guestfs_part_disk> call:"
516 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:245
519 " const char *parttype = \"mbr\";\n"
520 " if (disk_is_larger_than_2TB)\n"
521 " parttype = \"gpt\";\n"
522 " guestfs_part_disk (g, \"/dev/sda\", parttype);\n"
527 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:250
529 "Obviously this effectively wipes anything that was on that disk image "
534 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:253
539 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:255
541 "Libguestfs provides access to a large part of the LVM2 API, such as "
542 "L</guestfs_lvcreate> and L</guestfs_vgremove>. It won't make much sense "
543 "unless you familiarize yourself with the concepts of physical volumes, "
544 "volume groups and logical volumes."
548 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:260
550 "This author strongly recommends reading the LVM HOWTO, online at "
551 "L<http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/>."
555 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:263
560 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:265
562 "Use L</guestfs_cat> to download small, text only files. This call is "
563 "limited to files which are less than 2 MB and which cannot contain any ASCII "
564 "NUL (C<\\0>) characters. However the API is very simple to use."
568 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:269
570 "L</guestfs_read_file> can be used to read files which contain arbitrary 8 "
571 "bit data, since it returns a (pointer, size) pair. However it is still "
572 "limited to \"small\" files, less than 2 MB."
576 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:273
578 "L</guestfs_download> can be used to download any file, with no limits on "
579 "content or size (even files larger than 4 GB)."
583 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:276
584 msgid "To download multiple files, see L</guestfs_tar_out> and L</guestfs_tgz_out>."
588 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:279
593 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:281
595 "It's often the case that you want to write a file or files to the disk "
600 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:284
602 "To write a small file with fixed content, use L</guestfs_write>. To create "
603 "a file of all zeroes, use L</guestfs_truncate_size> (sparse) or "
604 "L</guestfs_fallocate64> (with all disk blocks allocated). There are a "
605 "variety of other functions for creating test files, for example "
606 "L</guestfs_fill> and L</guestfs_fill_pattern>."
610 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:290
612 "To upload a single file, use L</guestfs_upload>. This call has no limits on "
613 "file content or size (even files larger than 4 GB)."
617 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:293
618 msgid "To upload multiple files, see L</guestfs_tar_in> and L</guestfs_tgz_in>."
622 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:295
624 "However the fastest way to upload I<large numbers of arbitrary files> is to "
625 "turn them into a squashfs or CD ISO (see L<mksquashfs(8)> and "
626 "L<mkisofs(8)>), then attach this using L</guestfs_add_drive_ro>. If you add "
627 "the drive in a predictable way (eg. adding it last after all other drives) "
628 "then you can get the device name from L</guestfs_list_devices> and mount it "
629 "directly using L</guestfs_mount_ro>. Note that squashfs images are "
630 "sometimes non-portable between kernel versions, and they don't support "
631 "labels or UUIDs. If you want to pre-build an image or you need to mount it "
632 "using a label or UUID, use an ISO image instead."
636 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:306
641 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:308
643 "There are various different commands for copying between files and devices "
644 "and in and out of the guest filesystem. These are summarised in the table "
649 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:314
650 msgid "B<file> to B<file>"
654 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:316
656 "Use L</guestfs_cp> to copy a single file, or L</guestfs_cp_a> to copy "
657 "directories recursively."
661 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:319
662 msgid "B<file or device> to B<file or device>"
666 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:321
668 "Use L</guestfs_dd> which efficiently uses L<dd(1)> to copy between files and "
669 "devices in the guest."
673 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:324
674 msgid "Example: duplicate the contents of an LV:"
678 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:326
681 " guestfs_dd (g, \"/dev/VG/Original\", \"/dev/VG/Copy\");\n"
686 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:328
688 "The destination (C</dev/VG/Copy>) must be at least as large as the source "
689 "(C</dev/VG/Original>). To copy less than the whole source device, use "
690 "L</guestfs_copy_size>."
694 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:332
695 msgid "B<file on the host> to B<file or device>"
699 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:334
700 msgid "Use L</guestfs_upload>. See L</UPLOADING> above."
704 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:336
705 msgid "B<file or device> to B<file on the host>"
709 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:338
710 msgid "Use L</guestfs_download>. See L</DOWNLOADING> above."
714 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:342
715 msgid "UPLOADING AND DOWNLOADING TO PIPES AND FILE DESCRIPTORS"
719 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:344
721 "Calls like L</guestfs_upload>, L</guestfs_download>, L</guestfs_tar_in>, "
722 "L</guestfs_tar_out> etc appear to only take filenames as arguments, so it "
723 "appears you can only upload and download to files. However many Un*x-like "
724 "hosts let you use the special device files C</dev/stdin>, C</dev/stdout>, "
725 "C</dev/stderr> and C</dev/fd/N> to read and write from stdin, stdout, "
726 "stderr, and arbitrary file descriptor N."
730 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:352
731 msgid "For example, L<virt-cat(1)> writes its output to stdout by doing:"
735 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:355
738 " guestfs_download (g, filename, \"/dev/stdout\");\n"
743 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:357
744 msgid "and you can write tar output to a file descriptor C<fd> by doing:"
748 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:359
752 " snprintf (devfd, sizeof devfd, \"/dev/fd/%d\", fd);\n"
753 " guestfs_tar_out (g, \"/\", devfd);\n"
758 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:363
759 msgid "LISTING FILES"
763 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:365
765 "L</guestfs_ll> is just designed for humans to read (mainly when using the "
766 "L<guestfish(1)>-equivalent command C<ll>)."
770 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:368
772 "L</guestfs_ls> is a quick way to get a list of files in a directory from "
773 "programs, as a flat list of strings."
777 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:371
779 "L</guestfs_readdir> is a programmatic way to get a list of files in a "
780 "directory, plus additional information about each one. It is more "
781 "equivalent to using the L<readdir(3)> call on a local filesystem."
785 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:375
787 "L</guestfs_find> and L</guestfs_find0> can be used to recursively list "
792 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:378
793 msgid "RUNNING COMMANDS"
797 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:380
799 "Although libguestfs is primarily an API for manipulating files inside guest "
800 "images, we also provide some limited facilities for running commands inside "
805 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:384
806 msgid "There are many limitations to this:"
810 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:388 ../src/guestfs.pod:393 ../src/guestfs.pod:398 ../src/guestfs.pod:402 ../src/guestfs.pod:407 ../src/guestfs.pod:411 ../src/guestfs.pod:416 ../src/guestfs.pod:421 ../src/guestfs.pod:1064 ../src/guestfs.pod:1068 ../src/guestfs.pod:1072 ../src/guestfs.pod:1077 ../src/guestfs.pod:1085 ../src/guestfs.pod:1104 ../src/guestfs.pod:1112 ../src/guestfs.pod:1134 ../src/guestfs.pod:1138 ../src/guestfs.pod:1142 ../src/guestfs.pod:1146 ../src/guestfs.pod:1150 ../src/guestfs.pod:1154 ../src/guestfs.pod:1643 ../src/guestfs.pod:1648 ../src/guestfs.pod:1652 ../src/guestfs.pod:1754 ../src/guestfs.pod:1759 ../src/guestfs.pod:1763 ../src/guestfs.pod:1773 ../src/guestfs.pod:2008 ../src/guestfs.pod:2013 ../src/guestfs.pod:2019 ../src/guestfs.pod:2027 ../src/guestfs.pod:2381 ../src/guestfs.pod:2387 ../src/guestfs.pod:2392 ../src/guestfs.pod:2398 ../src/guestfs.pod:2972 ../src/guestfs.pod:2976 ../src/guestfs.pod:2980 ../src/guestfs.pod:2984 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:15 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:22 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:583 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:591 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:598 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:605 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1603 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1607 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1611 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1615 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1623 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1627 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1631 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1641 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1645 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1649 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1787 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1791 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1796 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1801 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1862 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1866 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1871 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:2789 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:2795 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:2803 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:2810 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:2817 ../fish/guestfish.pod:445 ../fish/guestfish.pod:449 ../fish/guestfish.pod:453 ../fish/guestfish.pod:457 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:13 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:20 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:385 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:393 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:400 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:407 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1074 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1078 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1082 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1086 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1094 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1098 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1102 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1112 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1116 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1120 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1210 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1214 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1219 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1224 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1266 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1270 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1275 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1902 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1908 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1916 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1923 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1930 ../tools/virt-win-reg.pl:195 ../tools/virt-win-reg.pl:200 ../tools/virt-win-reg.pl:206 ../tools/virt-win-reg.pl:708 ../tools/virt-win-reg.pl:714 ../tools/virt-win-reg.pl:720
815 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:390
817 "The kernel version that the command runs under will be different from what "
822 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:395
824 "If the command needs to communicate with daemons, then most likely they "
829 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:400
830 msgid "The command will be running in limited memory."
834 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:404
836 "The network may not be available unless you enable it (see "
837 "L</guestfs_set_network>)."
841 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:409
842 msgid "Only supports Linux guests (not Windows, BSD, etc)."
846 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:413
847 msgid "Architecture limitations (eg. won't work for a PPC guest on an X86 host)."
851 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:418
853 "For SELinux guests, you may need to enable SELinux and load policy first. "
854 "See L</SELINUX> in this manpage."
858 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:423
860 "I<Security:> It is not safe to run commands from untrusted, possibly "
861 "malicious guests. These commands may attempt to exploit your program by "
862 "sending unexpected output. They could also try to exploit the Linux kernel "
863 "or qemu provided by the libguestfs appliance. They could use the network "
864 "provided by the libguestfs appliance to bypass ordinary network partitions "
865 "and firewalls. They could use the elevated privileges or different SELinux "
866 "context of your program to their advantage."
870 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:432
872 "A secure alternative is to use libguestfs to install a \"firstboot\" script "
873 "(a script which runs when the guest next boots normally), and to have this "
874 "script run the commands you want in the normal context of the running guest, "
875 "network security and so on. For information about other security issues, "
880 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:440
882 "The two main API calls to run commands are L</guestfs_command> and "
883 "L</guestfs_sh> (there are also variations)."
887 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:443
889 "The difference is that L</guestfs_sh> runs commands using the shell, so any "
890 "shell globs, redirections, etc will work."
894 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:446
895 msgid "CONFIGURATION FILES"
899 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:448
901 "To read and write configuration files in Linux guest filesystems, we "
902 "strongly recommend using Augeas. For example, Augeas understands how to "
903 "read and write, say, a Linux shadow password file or X.org configuration "
904 "file, and so avoids you having to write that code."
908 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:453
910 "The main Augeas calls are bound through the C<guestfs_aug_*> APIs. We don't "
911 "document Augeas itself here because there is excellent documentation on the "
912 "L<http://augeas.net/> website."
916 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:457
918 "If you don't want to use Augeas (you fool!) then try calling "
919 "L</guestfs_read_lines> to get the file as a list of lines which you can "
924 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:461
929 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:463
931 "We support SELinux guests. To ensure that labeling happens correctly in "
932 "SELinux guests, you need to enable SELinux and load the guest's policy:"
936 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:469 ../src/guestfs.pod:1257 ../src/guestfs.pod:1395 ../src/guestfs.pod:2426
941 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:471
942 msgid "Before launching, do:"
946 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:473
949 " guestfs_set_selinux (g, 1);\n"
954 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:475 ../src/guestfs.pod:1261 ../src/guestfs.pod:1399 ../src/guestfs.pod:2451
959 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:477
961 "After mounting the guest's filesystem(s), load the policy. This is best "
962 "done by running the L<load_policy(8)> command in the guest itself:"
966 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:481
969 " guestfs_sh (g, \"/usr/sbin/load_policy\");\n"
974 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:483
976 "(Older versions of C<load_policy> require you to specify the name of the "
981 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:486 ../src/guestfs.pod:1405
986 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:488
988 "Optionally, set the security context for the API. The correct security "
989 "context to use can only be known by inspecting the guest. As an example:"
993 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:492
996 " guestfs_setcon (g, \"unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0\");\n"
1001 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:496
1002 msgid "This will work for running commands and editing existing files."
1006 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:498
1008 "When new files are created, you may need to label them explicitly, for "
1009 "example by running the external command C<restorecon pathname>."
1013 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:502
1018 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:504
1020 "Certain calls are affected by the current file mode creation mask (the "
1021 "\"umask\"). In particular ones which create files or directories, such as "
1022 "L</guestfs_touch>, L</guestfs_mknod> or L</guestfs_mkdir>. This affects "
1023 "either the default mode that the file is created with or modifies the mode "
1028 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:510
1030 "The default umask is C<022>, so files are created with modes such as C<0644> "
1031 "and directories with C<0755>."
1035 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:513
1037 "There are two ways to avoid being affected by umask. Either set umask to 0 "
1038 "(call C<guestfs_umask (g, 0)> early after launching). Or call "
1039 "L</guestfs_chmod> after creating each file or directory."
1043 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:517
1044 msgid "For more information about umask, see L<umask(2)>."
1048 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:519 ../fish/guestfish.pod:767
1049 msgid "ENCRYPTED DISKS"
1053 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:521
1055 "Libguestfs allows you to access Linux guests which have been encrypted using "
1056 "whole disk encryption that conforms to the Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS) "
1057 "standard. This includes nearly all whole disk encryption systems used by "
1058 "modern Linux guests."
1062 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:527
1064 "Use L</guestfs_vfs_type> to identify LUKS-encrypted block devices (it "
1065 "returns the string C<crypto_LUKS>)."
1069 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:530
1071 "Then open these devices by calling L</guestfs_luks_open>. Obviously you "
1072 "will require the passphrase!"
1076 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:533
1078 "Opening a LUKS device creates a new device mapper device called "
1079 "C</dev/mapper/mapname> (where C<mapname> is the string you supply to "
1080 "L</guestfs_luks_open>). Reads and writes to this mapper device are "
1081 "decrypted from and encrypted to the underlying block device respectively."
1085 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:539
1087 "LVM volume groups on the device can be made visible by calling "
1088 "L</guestfs_vgscan> followed by L</guestfs_vg_activate_all>. The logical "
1089 "volume(s) can now be mounted in the usual way."
1093 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:543
1095 "Use the reverse process to close a LUKS device. Unmount any logical volumes "
1096 "on it, deactivate the volume groups by caling C<guestfs_vg_activate (g, 0, "
1097 "[\"/dev/VG\"])>. Then close the mapper device by calling "
1098 "L</guestfs_luks_close> on the C</dev/mapper/mapname> device (I<not> the "
1099 "underlying encrypted block device)."
1103 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:550
1108 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:552
1110 "Libguestfs has APIs for inspecting an unknown disk image to find out if it "
1111 "contains operating systems, an install CD or a live CD. (These APIs used to "
1112 "be in a separate Perl-only library called L<Sys::Guestfs::Lib(3)> but since "
1113 "version 1.5.3 the most frequently used part of this library has been "
1114 "rewritten in C and moved into the core code)."
1118 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:559
1120 "Add all disks belonging to the unknown virtual machine and call "
1121 "L</guestfs_launch> in the usual way."
1125 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:562
1127 "Then call L</guestfs_inspect_os>. This function uses other libguestfs calls "
1128 "and certain heuristics, and returns a list of operating systems that were "
1129 "found. An empty list means none were found. A single element is the root "
1130 "filesystem of the operating system. For dual- or multi-boot guests, "
1131 "multiple roots can be returned, each one corresponding to a separate "
1132 "operating system. (Multi-boot virtual machines are extremely rare in the "
1133 "world of virtualization, but since this scenario can happen, we have built "
1134 "libguestfs to deal with it.)"
1138 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:571
1140 "For each root, you can then call various C<guestfs_inspect_get_*> functions "
1141 "to get additional details about that operating system. For example, call "
1142 "L</guestfs_inspect_get_type> to return the string C<windows> or C<linux> for "
1143 "Windows and Linux-based operating systems respectively."
1147 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:577
1149 "Un*x-like and Linux-based operating systems usually consist of several "
1150 "filesystems which are mounted at boot time (for example, a separate boot "
1151 "partition mounted on C</boot>). The inspection rules are able to detect how "
1152 "filesystems correspond to mount points. Call "
1153 "C<guestfs_inspect_get_mountpoints> to get this mapping. It might return a "
1154 "hash table like this example:"
1158 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:584
1161 " /boot => /dev/sda1\n"
1162 " / => /dev/vg_guest/lv_root\n"
1163 " /usr => /dev/vg_guest/lv_usr\n"
1168 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:588
1170 "The caller can then make calls to L</guestfs_mount_options> to mount the "
1171 "filesystems as suggested."
1175 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:591
1177 "Be careful to mount filesystems in the right order (eg. C</> before "
1178 "C</usr>). Sorting the keys of the hash by length, shortest first, should "
1183 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:595
1185 "Inspection currently only works for some common operating systems. "
1186 "Contributors are welcome to send patches for other operating systems that we "
1187 "currently cannot detect."
1191 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:599
1193 "Encrypted disks must be opened before inspection. See L</ENCRYPTED DISKS> "
1194 "for more details. The L</guestfs_inspect_os> function just ignores any "
1195 "encrypted devices."
1199 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:603
1201 "A note on the implementation: The call L</guestfs_inspect_os> performs "
1202 "inspection and caches the results in the guest handle. Subsequent calls to "
1203 "C<guestfs_inspect_get_*> return this cached information, but I<do not> "
1204 "re-read the disks. If you change the content of the guest disks, you can "
1205 "redo inspection by calling L</guestfs_inspect_os> again. "
1206 "(L</guestfs_inspect_list_applications> works a little differently from the "
1207 "other calls and does read the disks. See documentation for that function "
1212 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:612
1213 msgid "INSPECTING INSTALL DISKS"
1217 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:614
1219 "Libguestfs (since 1.9.4) can detect some install disks, install CDs, live "
1224 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:617
1226 "Call L</guestfs_inspect_get_format> to return the format of the operating "
1227 "system, which currently can be C<installed> (a regular operating system) or "
1228 "C<installer> (some sort of install disk)."
1232 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:621
1234 "Further information is available about the operating system that can be "
1235 "installed using the regular inspection APIs like "
1236 "L</guestfs_inspect_get_product_name>, L</guestfs_inspect_get_major_version> "
1241 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:626
1243 "Some additional information specific to installer disks is also available "
1244 "from the L</guestfs_inspect_is_live>, L</guestfs_inspect_is_netinst> and "
1245 "L</guestfs_inspect_is_multipart> calls."
1249 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:631
1250 msgid "SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR WINDOWS GUESTS"
1254 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:633
1256 "Libguestfs can mount NTFS partitions. It does this using the "
1257 "L<http://www.ntfs-3g.org/> driver."
1261 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:636
1262 msgid "DRIVE LETTERS AND PATHS"
1266 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:638
1268 "DOS and Windows still use drive letters, and the filesystems are always "
1269 "treated as case insensitive by Windows itself, and therefore you might find "
1270 "a Windows configuration file referring to a path like "
1271 "C<c:\\windows\\system32>. When the filesystem is mounted in libguestfs, "
1272 "that directory might be referred to as C</WINDOWS/System32>."
1276 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:644
1278 "Drive letter mappings can be found using inspection (see L</INSPECTION> and "
1279 "L</guestfs_inspect_get_drive_mappings>)"
1283 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:647
1285 "Dealing with separator characters (backslash vs forward slash) is outside "
1286 "the scope of libguestfs, but usually a simple character replacement will "
1291 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:651
1293 "To resolve the case insensitivity of paths, call "
1294 "L</guestfs_case_sensitive_path>."
1298 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:654
1299 msgid "ACCESSING THE WINDOWS REGISTRY"
1303 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:656
1305 "Libguestfs also provides some help for decoding Windows Registry \"hive\" "
1306 "files, through the library C<hivex> which is part of the libguestfs project "
1307 "although ships as a separate tarball. You have to locate and download the "
1308 "hive file(s) yourself, and then pass them to C<hivex> functions. See also "
1309 "the programs L<hivexml(1)>, L<hivexsh(1)>, L<hivexregedit(1)> and "
1310 "L<virt-win-reg(1)> for more help on this issue."
1314 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:664
1315 msgid "SYMLINKS ON NTFS-3G FILESYSTEMS"
1319 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:666
1321 "Ntfs-3g tries to rewrite \"Junction Points\" and NTFS \"symbolic links\" to "
1322 "provide something which looks like a Linux symlink. The way it tries to do "
1323 "the rewriting is described here:"
1327 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:670
1328 msgid "L<http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-advanced/junction-points-and-symbolic-links/>"
1332 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:672
1334 "The essential problem is that ntfs-3g simply does not have enough "
1335 "information to do a correct job. NTFS links can contain drive letters and "
1336 "references to external device GUIDs that ntfs-3g has no way of resolving. "
1337 "It is almost certainly the case that libguestfs callers should ignore what "
1338 "ntfs-3g does (ie. don't use L</guestfs_readlink> on NTFS volumes)."
1342 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:679
1344 "Instead if you encounter a symbolic link on an ntfs-3g filesystem, use "
1345 "L</guestfs_lgetxattr> to read the C<system.ntfs_reparse_data> extended "
1346 "attribute, and read the raw reparse data from that (you can find the format "
1347 "documented in various places around the web)."
1351 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:684
1352 msgid "EXTENDED ATTRIBUTES ON NTFS-3G FILESYSTEMS"
1356 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:686
1358 "There are other useful extended attributes that can be read from ntfs-3g "
1359 "filesystems (using L</guestfs_getxattr>). See:"
1363 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:689
1364 msgid "L<http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-advanced/extended-attributes/>"
1368 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:691
1369 msgid "USING LIBGUESTFS WITH OTHER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES"
1373 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:693
1375 "Although we don't want to discourage you from using the C API, we will "
1376 "mention here that the same API is also available in other languages."
1380 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:696
1382 "The API is broadly identical in all supported languages. This means that "
1383 "the C call C<guestfs_add_drive_ro(g,file)> is C<$g-E<gt>add_drive_ro($file)> "
1384 "in Perl, C<g.add_drive_ro(file)> in Python, and C<g#add_drive_ro file> in "
1385 "OCaml. In other words, a straightforward, predictable isomorphism between "
1390 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:702
1392 "Error messages are automatically transformed into exceptions if the language "
1397 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:705
1399 "We don't try to \"object orientify\" parts of the API in OO languages, "
1400 "although contributors are welcome to write higher level APIs above what we "
1401 "provide in their favourite languages if they wish."
1405 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:711
1410 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:713
1412 "You can use the I<guestfs.h> header file from C++ programs. The C++ API is "
1413 "identical to the C API. C++ classes and exceptions are not used."
1417 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:717
1422 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:719
1424 "The C# bindings are highly experimental. Please read the warnings at the "
1425 "top of C<csharp/Libguestfs.cs>."
1429 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:722
1434 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:724
1436 "This is the only language binding that is working but incomplete. Only "
1437 "calls which return simple integers have been bound in Haskell, and we are "
1438 "looking for help to complete this binding."
1442 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:728
1447 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:730
1449 "Full documentation is contained in the Javadoc which is distributed with "
1454 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:733
1459 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:735
1460 msgid "See L<guestfs-ocaml(3)>."
1464 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:737
1469 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:739
1470 msgid "See L<guestfs-perl(3)> and L<Sys::Guestfs(3)>."
1474 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:741
1479 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:743
1481 "For documentation see C<README-PHP> supplied with libguestfs sources or in "
1482 "the php-libguestfs package for your distribution."
1486 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:746
1487 msgid "The PHP binding only works correctly on 64 bit machines."
1491 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:748
1496 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:750
1497 msgid "See L<guestfs-python(3)>."
1501 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:752
1506 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:754
1507 msgid "See L<guestfs-ruby(3)>."
1511 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:756
1512 msgid "B<shell scripts>"
1516 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:758
1517 msgid "See L<guestfish(1)>."
1521 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:762
1522 msgid "LIBGUESTFS GOTCHAS"
1526 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:764
1528 "L<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotcha_(programming)>: \"A feature of a "
1529 "system [...] that works in the way it is documented but is counterintuitive "
1530 "and almost invites mistakes.\""
1534 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:768
1536 "Since we developed libguestfs and the associated tools, there are several "
1537 "things we would have designed differently, but are now stuck with for "
1538 "backwards compatibility or other reasons. If there is ever a libguestfs 2.0 "
1539 "release, you can expect these to change. Beware of them."
1543 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:776
1544 msgid "Autosync / forgetting to sync."
1548 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:778
1550 "I<Update:> Autosync is enabled by default for all API users starting from "
1551 "libguestfs 1.5.24. This section only applies to older versions."
1555 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:781
1557 "When modifying a filesystem from C or another language, you B<must> unmount "
1558 "all filesystems and call L</guestfs_sync> explicitly before you close the "
1559 "libguestfs handle. You can also call:"
1563 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:785
1566 " guestfs_set_autosync (g, 1);\n"
1571 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:787
1573 "to have the unmount/sync done automatically for you when the handle 'g' is "
1574 "closed. (This feature is called \"autosync\", L</guestfs_set_autosync> "
1579 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:791
1581 "If you forget to do this, then it is entirely possible that your changes "
1582 "won't be written out, or will be partially written, or (very rarely) that "
1583 "you'll get disk corruption."
1587 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:795
1589 "Note that in L<guestfish(3)> autosync is the default. So quick and dirty "
1590 "guestfish scripts that forget to sync will work just fine, which can make "
1591 "this very puzzling if you are trying to debug a problem."
1595 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:799
1596 msgid "Mount option C<-o sync> should not be the default."
1600 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:801
1602 "If you use L</guestfs_mount>, then C<-o sync,noatime> are added implicitly. "
1603 "However C<-o sync> does not add any reliability benefit, but does have a "
1604 "very large performance impact."
1608 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:805
1610 "The work around is to use L</guestfs_mount_options> and set the mount "
1611 "options that you actually want to use."
1615 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:808
1616 msgid "Read-only should be the default."
1620 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:810
1622 "In L<guestfish(3)>, I<--ro> should be the default, and you should have to "
1623 "specify I<--rw> if you want to make changes to the image."
1627 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:813
1628 msgid "This would reduce the potential to corrupt live VM images."
1632 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:815
1634 "Note that many filesystems change the disk when you just mount and unmount, "
1635 "even if you didn't perform any writes. You need to use "
1636 "L</guestfs_add_drive_ro> to guarantee that the disk is not changed."
1640 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:819
1641 msgid "guestfish command line is hard to use."
1645 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:821
1647 "C<guestfish disk.img> doesn't do what people expect (open C<disk.img> for "
1648 "examination). It tries to run a guestfish command C<disk.img> which doesn't "
1649 "exist, so it fails. In earlier versions of guestfish the error message was "
1650 "also unintuitive, but we have corrected this since. Like the Bourne shell, "
1651 "we should have used C<guestfish -c command> to run commands."
1655 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:828
1656 msgid "guestfish megabyte modifiers don't work right on all commands"
1660 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:830
1662 "In recent guestfish you can use C<1M> to mean 1 megabyte (and similarly for "
1663 "other modifiers). What guestfish actually does is to multiply the number "
1664 "part by the modifier part and pass the result to the C API. However this "
1665 "doesn't work for a few APIs which aren't expecting bytes, but are already "
1666 "expecting some other unit (eg. megabytes)."
1670 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:837
1671 msgid "The most common is L</guestfs_lvcreate>. The guestfish command:"
1675 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:839
1678 " lvcreate LV VG 100M\n"
1683 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:841
1685 "does not do what you might expect. Instead because L</guestfs_lvcreate> is "
1686 "already expecting megabytes, this tries to create a 100 I<terabyte> (100 "
1687 "megabytes * megabytes) logical volume. The error message you get from this "
1688 "is also a little obscure."
1692 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:846
1694 "This could be fixed in the generator by specially marking parameters and "
1695 "return values which take bytes or other units."
1699 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:849
1700 msgid "Ambiguity between devices and paths"
1704 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:851
1706 "There is a subtle ambiguity in the API between a device name "
1707 "(eg. C</dev/sdb2>) and a similar pathname. A file might just happen to be "
1708 "called C<sdb2> in the directory C</dev> (consider some non-Unix VM image)."
1712 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:856
1714 "In the current API we usually resolve this ambiguity by having two separate "
1715 "calls, for example L</guestfs_checksum> and L</guestfs_checksum_device>. "
1716 "Some API calls are ambiguous and (incorrectly) resolve the problem by "
1717 "detecting if the path supplied begins with C</dev/>."
1721 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:862
1723 "To avoid both the ambiguity and the need to duplicate some calls, we could "
1724 "make paths/devices into structured names. One way to do this would be to "
1725 "use a notation like grub (C<hd(0,0)>), although nobody really likes this "
1726 "aspect of grub. Another way would be to use a structured type, equivalent "
1727 "to this OCaml type:"
1731 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:868
1734 " type path = Path of string | Device of int | Partition of int * int\n"
1739 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:870
1740 msgid "which would allow you to pass arguments like:"
1744 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:872
1747 " Path \"/foo/bar\"\n"
1748 " Device 1 (* /dev/sdb, or perhaps /dev/sda *)\n"
1749 " Partition (1, 2) (* /dev/sdb2 (or is it /dev/sda2 or /dev/sdb3?) *)\n"
1750 " Path \"/dev/sdb2\" (* not a device *)\n"
1755 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:877
1757 "As you can see there are still problems to resolve even with this "
1758 "representation. Also consider how it might work in guestfish."
1762 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:882
1763 msgid "KEYS AND PASSPHRASES"
1767 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:884
1769 "Certain libguestfs calls take a parameter that contains sensitive key "
1770 "material, passed in as a C string."
1774 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:887
1776 "In the future we would hope to change the libguestfs implementation so that "
1777 "keys are L<mlock(2)>-ed into physical RAM, and thus can never end up in "
1778 "swap. However this is I<not> done at the moment, because of the complexity "
1779 "of such an implementation."
1783 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:892
1785 "Therefore you should be aware that any key parameter you pass to libguestfs "
1786 "might end up being written out to the swap partition. If this is a concern, "
1787 "scrub the swap partition or don't use libguestfs on encrypted devices."
1791 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:897
1792 msgid "MULTIPLE HANDLES AND MULTIPLE THREADS"
1796 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:899
1798 "All high-level libguestfs actions are synchronous. If you want to use "
1799 "libguestfs asynchronously then you must create a thread."
1803 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:902
1805 "Only use the handle from a single thread. Either use the handle exclusively "
1806 "from one thread, or provide your own mutex so that two threads cannot issue "
1807 "calls on the same handle at the same time."
1811 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:906
1813 "See the graphical program guestfs-browser for one possible architecture for "
1814 "multithreaded programs using libvirt and libguestfs."
1818 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:909
1823 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:911
1825 "Libguestfs needs a supermin appliance, which it finds by looking along an "
1830 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:914
1832 "By default it looks for these in the directory C<$libdir/guestfs> "
1833 "(eg. C</usr/local/lib/guestfs> or C</usr/lib64/guestfs>)."
1837 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:917
1839 "Use L</guestfs_set_path> or set the environment variable L</LIBGUESTFS_PATH> "
1840 "to change the directories that libguestfs will search in. The value is a "
1841 "colon-separated list of paths. The current directory is I<not> searched "
1842 "unless the path contains an empty element or C<.>. For example "
1843 "C<LIBGUESTFS_PATH=:/usr/lib/guestfs> would search the current directory and "
1844 "then C</usr/lib/guestfs>."
1848 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:924
1849 msgid "QEMU WRAPPERS"
1853 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:926
1855 "If you want to compile your own qemu, run qemu from a non-standard location, "
1856 "or pass extra arguments to qemu, then you can write a shell-script wrapper "
1861 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:930
1863 "There is one important rule to remember: you I<must C<exec qemu>> as the "
1864 "last command in the shell script (so that qemu replaces the shell and "
1865 "becomes the direct child of the libguestfs-using program). If you don't do "
1866 "this, then the qemu process won't be cleaned up correctly."
1870 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:935
1872 "Here is an example of a wrapper, where I have built my own copy of qemu from "
1877 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:938
1881 " qemudir=/home/rjones/d/qemu\n"
1882 " exec $qemudir/x86_64-softmmu/qemu-system-x86_64 -L $qemudir/pc-bios "
1888 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:942
1890 "Save this script as C</tmp/qemu.wrapper> (or wherever), C<chmod +x>, and "
1891 "then use it by setting the LIBGUESTFS_QEMU environment variable. For "
1896 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:946
1899 " LIBGUESTFS_QEMU=/tmp/qemu.wrapper guestfish\n"
1904 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:948
1906 "Note that libguestfs also calls qemu with the -help and -version options in "
1907 "order to determine features."
1911 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:951
1912 msgid "ATTACHING TO RUNNING DAEMONS"
1916 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:953
1918 "I<Note (1):> This is B<highly experimental> and has a tendency to eat "
1919 "babies. Use with caution."
1923 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:956
1925 "I<Note (2):> This section explains how to attach to a running daemon from a "
1926 "low level perspective. For most users, simply using virt tools such as "
1927 "L<guestfish(1)> with the I<--live> option will \"just work\"."
1931 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:960
1932 msgid "Using guestfs_set_attach_method"
1936 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:962
1938 "By calling L</guestfs_set_attach_method> you can change how the library "
1939 "connects to the C<guestfsd> daemon in L</guestfs_launch> (read "
1940 "L</ARCHITECTURE> for some background)."
1944 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:966
1946 "The normal attach method is C<appliance>, where a small appliance is created "
1947 "containing the daemon, and then the library connects to this."
1951 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:969
1953 "Setting attach method to C<unix:I<path>> (where I<path> is the path of a "
1954 "Unix domain socket) causes L</guestfs_launch> to connect to an existing "
1955 "daemon over the Unix domain socket."
1959 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:973
1961 "The normal use for this is to connect to a running virtual machine that "
1962 "contains a C<guestfsd> daemon, and send commands so you can read and write "
1963 "files inside the live virtual machine."
1967 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:977
1968 msgid "Using guestfs_add_domain with live flag"
1972 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:979
1974 "L</guestfs_add_domain> provides some help for getting the correct attach "
1975 "method. If you pass the C<live> option to this function, then (if the "
1976 "virtual machine is running) it will examine the libvirt XML looking for a "
1977 "virtio-serial channel to connect to:"
1981 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:985
1988 " <channel type='unix'>\n"
1989 " <source mode='bind' path='/path/to/socket'/>\n"
1990 " <target type='virtio' name='org.libguestfs.channel.0'/>\n"
1999 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:997
2001 "L</guestfs_add_domain> extracts C</path/to/socket> and sets the attach "
2002 "method to C<unix:/path/to/socket>."
2006 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1000
2008 "Some of the libguestfs tools (including guestfish) support a I<--live> "
2009 "option which is passed through to L</guestfs_add_domain> thus allowing you "
2010 "to attach to and modify live virtual machines."
2014 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1004
2016 "The virtual machine needs to have been set up beforehand so that it has the "
2017 "virtio-serial channel and so that guestfsd is running inside it."
2021 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1008
2022 msgid "ABI GUARANTEE"
2026 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1010
2028 "We guarantee the libguestfs ABI (binary interface), for public, high-level "
2029 "actions as outlined in this section. Although we will deprecate some "
2030 "actions, for example if they get replaced by newer calls, we will keep the "
2031 "old actions forever. This allows you the developer to program in confidence "
2032 "against the libguestfs API."
2036 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1016
2037 msgid "BLOCK DEVICE NAMING"
2041 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1018
2043 "In the kernel there is now quite a profusion of schemata for naming block "
2044 "devices (in this context, by I<block device> I mean a physical or virtual "
2045 "hard drive). The original Linux IDE driver used names starting with "
2046 "C</dev/hd*>. SCSI devices have historically used a different naming scheme, "
2047 "C</dev/sd*>. When the Linux kernel I<libata> driver became a popular "
2048 "replacement for the old IDE driver (particularly for SATA devices) those "
2049 "devices also used the C</dev/sd*> scheme. Additionally we now have virtual "
2050 "machines with paravirtualized drivers. This has created several different "
2051 "naming systems, such as C</dev/vd*> for virtio disks and C</dev/xvd*> for "
2056 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1030
2058 "As discussed above, libguestfs uses a qemu appliance running an embedded "
2059 "Linux kernel to access block devices. We can run a variety of appliances "
2060 "based on a variety of Linux kernels."
2064 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1034
2066 "This causes a problem for libguestfs because many API calls use device or "
2067 "partition names. Working scripts and the recipe (example) scripts that we "
2068 "make available over the internet could fail if the naming scheme changes."
2072 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1039
2074 "Therefore libguestfs defines C</dev/sd*> as the I<standard naming scheme>. "
2075 "Internally C</dev/sd*> names are translated, if necessary, to other names as "
2076 "required. For example, under RHEL 5 which uses the C</dev/hd*> scheme, any "
2077 "device parameter C</dev/sda2> is translated to C</dev/hda2> transparently."
2081 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1045
2083 "Note that this I<only> applies to parameters. The L</guestfs_list_devices>, "
2084 "L</guestfs_list_partitions> and similar calls return the true names of the "
2085 "devices and partitions as known to the appliance."
2089 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1050
2090 msgid "ALGORITHM FOR BLOCK DEVICE NAME TRANSLATION"
2094 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1052
2096 "Usually this translation is transparent. However in some (very rare) cases "
2097 "you may need to know the exact algorithm. Such cases include where you use "
2098 "L</guestfs_config> to add a mixture of virtio and IDE devices to the "
2099 "qemu-based appliance, so have a mixture of C</dev/sd*> and C</dev/vd*> "
2104 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1058
2106 "The algorithm is applied only to I<parameters> which are known to be either "
2107 "device or partition names. Return values from functions such as "
2108 "L</guestfs_list_devices> are never changed."
2112 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1066
2113 msgid "Is the string a parameter which is a device or partition name?"
2117 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1070
2118 msgid "Does the string begin with C</dev/sd>?"
2122 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1074
2124 "Does the named device exist? If so, we use that device. However if I<not> "
2125 "then we continue with this algorithm."
2129 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1079
2130 msgid "Replace initial C</dev/sd> string with C</dev/hd>."
2134 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1081
2135 msgid "For example, change C</dev/sda2> to C</dev/hda2>."
2139 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1083
2140 msgid "If that named device exists, use it. If not, continue."
2144 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1087
2145 msgid "Replace initial C</dev/sd> string with C</dev/vd>."
2149 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1089
2150 msgid "If that named device exists, use it. If not, return an error."
2154 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1093
2155 msgid "PORTABILITY CONCERNS WITH BLOCK DEVICE NAMING"
2159 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1095
2161 "Although the standard naming scheme and automatic translation is useful for "
2162 "simple programs and guestfish scripts, for larger programs it is best not to "
2163 "rely on this mechanism."
2167 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1099
2169 "Where possible for maximum future portability programs using libguestfs "
2170 "should use these future-proof techniques:"
2174 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1106
2176 "Use L</guestfs_list_devices> or L</guestfs_list_partitions> to list actual "
2177 "device names, and then use those names directly."
2181 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1109
2182 msgid "Since those device names exist by definition, they will never be translated."
2186 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1114
2188 "Use higher level ways to identify filesystems, such as LVM names, UUIDs and "
2189 "filesystem labels."
2193 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1119
2198 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1121
2200 "This section discusses security implications of using libguestfs, "
2201 "particularly with untrusted or malicious guests or disk images."
2205 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1124
2206 msgid "GENERAL SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS"
2210 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1126
2212 "Be careful with any files or data that you download from a guest (by "
2213 "\"download\" we mean not just the L</guestfs_download> command but any "
2214 "command that reads files, filenames, directories or anything else from a "
2215 "disk image). An attacker could manipulate the data to fool your program "
2216 "into doing the wrong thing. Consider cases such as:"
2220 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1136
2221 msgid "the data (file etc) not being present"
2225 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1140
2226 msgid "being present but empty"
2230 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1144
2231 msgid "being much larger than normal"
2235 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1148
2236 msgid "containing arbitrary 8 bit data"
2240 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1152
2241 msgid "being in an unexpected character encoding"
2245 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1156
2246 msgid "containing homoglyphs."
2250 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1160
2251 msgid "SECURITY OF MOUNTING FILESYSTEMS"
2255 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1162
2257 "When you mount a filesystem under Linux, mistakes in the kernel filesystem "
2258 "(VFS) module can sometimes be escalated into exploits by deliberately "
2259 "creating a malicious, malformed filesystem. These exploits are very severe "
2260 "for two reasons. Firstly there are very many filesystem drivers in the "
2261 "kernel, and many of them are infrequently used and not much developer "
2262 "attention has been paid to the code. Linux userspace helps potential "
2263 "crackers by detecting the filesystem type and automatically choosing the "
2264 "right VFS driver, even if that filesystem type is obscure or unexpected for "
2265 "the administrator. Secondly, a kernel-level exploit is like a local root "
2266 "exploit (worse in some ways), giving immediate and total access to the "
2267 "system right down to the hardware level."
2271 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1175
2273 "That explains why you should never mount a filesystem from an untrusted "
2274 "guest on your host kernel. How about libguestfs? We run a Linux kernel "
2275 "inside a qemu virtual machine, usually running as a non-root user. The "
2276 "attacker would need to write a filesystem which first exploited the kernel, "
2277 "and then exploited either qemu virtualization (eg. a faulty qemu driver) or "
2278 "the libguestfs protocol, and finally to be as serious as the host kernel "
2279 "exploit it would need to escalate its privileges to root. This multi-step "
2280 "escalation, performed by a static piece of data, is thought to be extremely "
2281 "hard to do, although we never say 'never' about security issues."
2285 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1186
2287 "In any case callers can reduce the attack surface by forcing the filesystem "
2288 "type when mounting (use L</guestfs_mount_vfs>)."
2292 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1189
2293 msgid "PROTOCOL SECURITY"
2297 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1191
2299 "The protocol is designed to be secure, being based on RFC 4506 (XDR) with a "
2300 "defined upper message size. However a program that uses libguestfs must "
2301 "also take care - for example you can write a program that downloads a binary "
2302 "from a disk image and executes it locally, and no amount of protocol "
2303 "security will save you from the consequences."
2307 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1197
2308 msgid "INSPECTION SECURITY"
2312 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1199
2314 "Parts of the inspection API (see L</INSPECTION>) return untrusted strings "
2315 "directly from the guest, and these could contain any 8 bit data. Callers "
2316 "should be careful to escape these before printing them to a structured file "
2317 "(for example, use HTML escaping if creating a web page)."
2321 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1205
2323 "Guest configuration may be altered in unusual ways by the administrator of "
2324 "the virtual machine, and may not reflect reality (particularly for untrusted "
2325 "or actively malicious guests). For example we parse the hostname from "
2326 "configuration files like C</etc/sysconfig/network> that we find in the "
2327 "guest, but the guest administrator can easily manipulate these files to "
2328 "provide the wrong hostname."
2332 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1213
2334 "The inspection API parses guest configuration using two external libraries: "
2335 "Augeas (Linux configuration) and hivex (Windows Registry). Both are "
2336 "designed to be robust in the face of malicious data, although denial of "
2337 "service attacks are still possible, for example with oversized configuration "
2342 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1219
2343 msgid "RUNNING UNTRUSTED GUEST COMMANDS"
2347 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1221
2349 "Be very cautious about running commands from the guest. By running a "
2350 "command in the guest, you are giving CPU time to a binary that you do not "
2351 "control, under the same user account as the library, albeit wrapped in qemu "
2352 "virtualization. More information and alternatives can be found in the "
2353 "section L</RUNNING COMMANDS>."
2357 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1227
2358 msgid "CVE-2010-3851"
2362 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1229
2363 msgid "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/642934"
2367 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1231
2369 "This security bug concerns the automatic disk format detection that qemu "
2370 "does on disk images."
2374 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1234
2376 "A raw disk image is just the raw bytes, there is no header. Other disk "
2377 "images like qcow2 contain a special header. Qemu deals with this by looking "
2378 "for one of the known headers, and if none is found then assuming the disk "
2379 "image must be raw."
2383 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1239
2385 "This allows a guest which has been given a raw disk image to write some "
2386 "other header. At next boot (or when the disk image is accessed by "
2387 "libguestfs) qemu would do autodetection and think the disk image format was, "
2388 "say, qcow2 based on the header written by the guest."
2392 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1244
2394 "This in itself would not be a problem, but qcow2 offers many features, one "
2395 "of which is to allow a disk image to refer to another image (called the "
2396 "\"backing disk\"). It does this by placing the path to the backing disk "
2397 "into the qcow2 header. This path is not validated and could point to any "
2398 "host file (eg. \"/etc/passwd\"). The backing disk is then exposed through "
2399 "\"holes\" in the qcow2 disk image, which of course is completely under the "
2400 "control of the attacker."
2404 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1252
2405 msgid "In libguestfs this is rather hard to exploit except under two circumstances:"
2409 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1259
2410 msgid "You have enabled the network or have opened the disk in write mode."
2414 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1263
2416 "You are also running untrusted code from the guest (see L</RUNNING "
2421 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1268
2423 "The way to avoid this is to specify the expected disk format when adding "
2424 "disks (the optional C<format> option to L</guestfs_add_drive_opts>). You "
2425 "should always do this if the disk is raw format, and it's a good idea for "
2430 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1273
2432 "For disks added from libvirt using calls like L</guestfs_add_domain>, the "
2433 "format is fetched from libvirt and passed through."
2437 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1276
2439 "For libguestfs tools, use the I<--format> command line parameter as "
2444 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1279
2445 msgid "CONNECTION MANAGEMENT"
2449 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1281
2454 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1283
2456 "C<guestfs_h> is the opaque type representing a connection handle. Create a "
2457 "handle by calling L</guestfs_create>. Call L</guestfs_close> to free the "
2458 "handle and release all resources used."
2462 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1287
2464 "For information on using multiple handles and threads, see the section "
2465 "L</MULTIPLE HANDLES AND MULTIPLE THREADS> above."
2469 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1290
2470 msgid "guestfs_create"
2474 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1292
2477 " guestfs_h *guestfs_create (void);\n"
2482 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1294
2483 msgid "Create a connection handle."
2487 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1296
2489 "On success this returns a non-NULL pointer to a handle. On error it returns "
2494 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1299
2496 "You have to \"configure\" the handle after creating it. This includes "
2497 "calling L</guestfs_add_drive_opts> (or one of the equivalent calls) on the "
2498 "handle at least once."
2502 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1303
2503 msgid "After configuring the handle, you have to call L</guestfs_launch>."
2507 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1305
2509 "You may also want to configure error handling for the handle. See the "
2510 "L</ERROR HANDLING> section below."
2514 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1308
2515 msgid "guestfs_close"
2519 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1310
2522 " void guestfs_close (guestfs_h *g);\n"
2527 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1312
2528 msgid "This closes the connection handle and frees up all resources used."
2532 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1314
2534 "If autosync was set on the handle and the handle was launched, then this "
2535 "implicitly calls various functions to unmount filesystems and sync the "
2536 "disk. See L</guestfs_set_autosync> for more details."
2540 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1318
2541 msgid "If a close callback was set on the handle, then it is called."
2545 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1320
2546 msgid "ERROR HANDLING"
2550 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1322
2552 "API functions can return errors. For example, almost all functions that "
2553 "return C<int> will return C<-1> to indicate an error."
2557 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1325
2559 "Additional information is available for errors: an error message string and "
2560 "optionally an error number (errno) if the thing that failed was a system "
2565 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1329
2567 "You can get at the additional information about the last error on the handle "
2568 "by calling L</guestfs_last_error>, L</guestfs_last_errno>, and/or by setting "
2569 "up an error handler with L</guestfs_set_error_handler>."
2573 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1334
2575 "When the handle is created, a default error handler is installed which "
2576 "prints the error message string to C<stderr>. For small short-running "
2577 "command line programs it is sufficient to do:"
2581 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1338
2584 " if (guestfs_launch (g) == -1)\n"
2585 " exit (EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2590 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1341
2592 "since the default error handler will ensure that an error message has been "
2593 "printed to C<stderr> before the program exits."
2597 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1344
2599 "For other programs the caller will almost certainly want to install an "
2600 "alternate error handler or do error handling in-line like this:"
2604 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1347
2607 " g = guestfs_create ();\n"
2612 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1349
2615 " /* This disables the default behaviour of printing errors\n"
2617 " guestfs_set_error_handler (g, NULL, NULL);\n"
2622 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1353
2625 " if (guestfs_launch (g) == -1) {\n"
2626 " /* Examine the error message and print it etc. */\n"
2627 " char *msg = guestfs_last_error (g);\n"
2628 " int errnum = guestfs_last_errno (g);\n"
2629 " fprintf (stderr, \"%s\\n\", msg);\n"
2636 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1361
2638 "Out of memory errors are handled differently. The default action is to call "
2639 "L<abort(3)>. If this is undesirable, then you can set a handler using "
2640 "L</guestfs_set_out_of_memory_handler>."
2644 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1365
2646 "L</guestfs_create> returns C<NULL> if the handle cannot be created, and "
2647 "because there is no handle if this happens there is no way to get additional "
2648 "error information. However L</guestfs_create> is supposed to be a "
2649 "lightweight operation which can only fail because of insufficient memory (it "
2650 "returns NULL in this case)."
2654 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1371
2655 msgid "guestfs_last_error"
2659 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1373
2662 " const char *guestfs_last_error (guestfs_h *g);\n"
2667 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1375
2669 "This returns the last error message that happened on C<g>. If there has not "
2670 "been an error since the handle was created, then this returns C<NULL>."
2674 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1379
2676 "The lifetime of the returned string is until the next error occurs, or "
2677 "L</guestfs_close> is called."
2681 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1382
2682 msgid "guestfs_last_errno"
2686 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1384
2689 " int guestfs_last_errno (guestfs_h *g);\n"
2694 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1386
2695 msgid "This returns the last error number (errno) that happened on C<g>."
2699 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1388
2700 msgid "If successful, an errno integer not equal to zero is returned."
2704 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1390
2705 msgid "If no error, this returns 0. This call can return 0 in three situations:"
2709 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1397
2710 msgid "There has not been any error on the handle."
2714 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1401
2716 "There has been an error but the errno was meaningless. This corresponds to "
2717 "the case where the error did not come from a failed system call, but for "
2718 "some other reason."
2722 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1407
2724 "There was an error from a failed system call, but for some reason the errno "
2725 "was not captured and returned. This usually indicates a bug in libguestfs."
2729 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1413
2731 "Libguestfs tries to convert the errno from inside the applicance into a "
2732 "corresponding errno for the caller (not entirely trivial: the appliance "
2733 "might be running a completely different operating system from the library "
2734 "and error numbers are not standardized across Un*xen). If this could not be "
2735 "done, then the error is translated to C<EINVAL>. In practice this should "
2736 "only happen in very rare circumstances."
2740 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1421
2741 msgid "guestfs_set_error_handler"
2745 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1423
2748 " typedef void (*guestfs_error_handler_cb) (guestfs_h *g,\n"
2750 " const char *msg);\n"
2751 " void guestfs_set_error_handler (guestfs_h *g,\n"
2752 " guestfs_error_handler_cb cb,\n"
2758 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1430
2760 "The callback C<cb> will be called if there is an error. The parameters "
2761 "passed to the callback are an opaque data pointer and the error message "
2766 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1434
2768 "C<errno> is not passed to the callback. To get that the callback must call "
2769 "L</guestfs_last_errno>."
2773 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1437
2775 "Note that the message string C<msg> is freed as soon as the callback "
2776 "function returns, so if you want to stash it somewhere you must make your "
2781 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1441
2782 msgid "The default handler prints messages on C<stderr>."
2786 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1443
2787 msgid "If you set C<cb> to C<NULL> then I<no> handler is called."
2791 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1445
2792 msgid "guestfs_get_error_handler"
2796 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1447
2799 " guestfs_error_handler_cb guestfs_get_error_handler (guestfs_h *g,\n"
2800 " void **opaque_rtn);\n"
2805 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1450
2806 msgid "Returns the current error handler callback."
2810 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1452
2811 msgid "guestfs_set_out_of_memory_handler"
2815 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1454
2818 " typedef void (*guestfs_abort_cb) (void);\n"
2819 " int guestfs_set_out_of_memory_handler (guestfs_h *g,\n"
2820 " guestfs_abort_cb);\n"
2825 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1458
2827 "The callback C<cb> will be called if there is an out of memory situation. "
2828 "I<Note this callback must not return>."
2832 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1461
2833 msgid "The default is to call L<abort(3)>."
2837 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1463
2838 msgid "You cannot set C<cb> to C<NULL>. You can't ignore out of memory situations."
2842 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1466
2843 msgid "guestfs_get_out_of_memory_handler"
2847 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1468
2850 " guestfs_abort_fn guestfs_get_out_of_memory_handler (guestfs_h *g);\n"
2855 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1470
2856 msgid "This returns the current out of memory handler."
2860 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1472
2865 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1474 ../fish/guestfish.pod:1010
2870 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1476
2875 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1478
2880 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1480
2881 msgid "AVAILABILITY"
2885 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1482
2886 msgid "GROUPS OF FUNCTIONALITY IN THE APPLIANCE"
2890 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1484
2892 "Using L</guestfs_available> you can test availability of the following "
2893 "groups of functions. This test queries the appliance to see if the "
2894 "appliance you are currently using supports the functionality."
2898 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1489
2899 msgid "@AVAILABILITY@"
2903 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1491
2904 msgid "GUESTFISH supported COMMAND"
2908 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1493
2910 "In L<guestfish(3)> there is a handy interactive command C<supported> which "
2911 "prints out the available groups and whether they are supported by this build "
2912 "of libguestfs. Note however that you have to do C<run> first."
2916 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1498
2917 msgid "SINGLE CALLS AT COMPILE TIME"
2921 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1500
2923 "Since version 1.5.8, C<E<lt>guestfs.hE<gt>> defines symbols for each C API "
2924 "function, such as:"
2928 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1503
2931 " #define LIBGUESTFS_HAVE_DD 1\n"
2936 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1505
2937 msgid "if L</guestfs_dd> is available."
2941 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1507
2943 "Before version 1.5.8, if you needed to test whether a single libguestfs "
2944 "function is available at compile time, we recommended using build tools such "
2945 "as autoconf or cmake. For example in autotools you could use:"
2949 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1512
2952 " AC_CHECK_LIB([guestfs],[guestfs_create])\n"
2953 " AC_CHECK_FUNCS([guestfs_dd])\n"
2958 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1515
2960 "which would result in C<HAVE_GUESTFS_DD> being either defined or not defined "
2965 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1518
2966 msgid "SINGLE CALLS AT RUN TIME"
2970 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1520
2972 "Testing at compile time doesn't guarantee that a function really exists in "
2973 "the library. The reason is that you might be dynamically linked against a "
2974 "previous I<libguestfs.so> (dynamic library) which doesn't have the call. "
2975 "This situation unfortunately results in a segmentation fault, which is a "
2976 "shortcoming of the C dynamic linking system itself."
2980 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1527
2982 "You can use L<dlopen(3)> to test if a function is available at run time, as "
2983 "in this example program (note that you still need the compile time check as "
2988 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1531
2991 " #include <stdio.h>\n"
2992 " #include <stdlib.h>\n"
2993 " #include <unistd.h>\n"
2994 " #include <dlfcn.h>\n"
2995 " #include <guestfs.h>\n"
3000 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1537
3005 " #ifdef LIBGUESTFS_HAVE_DD\n"
3007 " int has_function;\n"
3012 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1543
3015 " /* Test if the function guestfs_dd is really available. */\n"
3016 " dl = dlopen (NULL, RTLD_LAZY);\n"
3018 " fprintf (stderr, \"dlopen: %s\\n\", dlerror ());\n"
3019 " exit (EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3021 " has_function = dlsym (dl, \"guestfs_dd\") != NULL;\n"
3027 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1552
3030 " if (!has_function)\n"
3031 " printf (\"this libguestfs.so does NOT have guestfs_dd function\\n\");\n"
3033 " printf (\"this libguestfs.so has guestfs_dd function\\n\");\n"
3034 " /* Now it's safe to call\n"
3035 " guestfs_dd (g, \"foo\", \"bar\");\n"
3039 " printf (\"guestfs_dd function was not found at compile time\\n\");\n"
3046 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1565
3048 "You may think the above is an awful lot of hassle, and it is. There are "
3049 "other ways outside of the C linking system to ensure that this kind of "
3050 "incompatibility never arises, such as using package versioning:"
3054 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1570
3057 " Requires: libguestfs >= 1.0.80\n"
3062 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1572
3063 msgid "CALLS WITH OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS"
3067 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1574
3069 "A recent feature of the API is the introduction of calls which take optional "
3070 "arguments. In C these are declared 3 ways. The main way is as a call which "
3071 "takes variable arguments (ie. C<...>), as in this example:"
3075 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1579
3078 " int guestfs_add_drive_opts (guestfs_h *g, const char *filename, ...);\n"
3083 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1581
3085 "Call this with a list of optional arguments, terminated by C<-1>. So to "
3086 "call with no optional arguments specified:"
3090 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1584
3093 " guestfs_add_drive_opts (g, filename, -1);\n"
3098 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1586
3099 msgid "With a single optional argument:"
3103 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1588
3106 " guestfs_add_drive_opts (g, filename,\n"
3107 " GUESTFS_ADD_DRIVE_OPTS_FORMAT, \"qcow2\",\n"
3113 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1592
3118 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1594
3121 " guestfs_add_drive_opts (g, filename,\n"
3122 " GUESTFS_ADD_DRIVE_OPTS_FORMAT, \"qcow2\",\n"
3123 " GUESTFS_ADD_DRIVE_OPTS_READONLY, 1,\n"
3129 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1599
3131 "and so forth. Don't forget the terminating C<-1> otherwise Bad Things will "
3136 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1602
3137 msgid "USING va_list FOR OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS"
3141 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1604
3143 "The second variant has the same name with the suffix C<_va>, which works the "
3144 "same way but takes a C<va_list>. See the C manual for details. For the "
3145 "example function, this is declared:"
3149 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1608
3152 " int guestfs_add_drive_opts_va (guestfs_h *g, const char *filename,\n"
3158 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1611
3159 msgid "CONSTRUCTING OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS"
3163 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1613
3165 "The third variant is useful where you need to construct these calls. You "
3166 "pass in a structure where you fill in the optional fields. The structure "
3167 "has a bitmask as the first element which you must set to indicate which "
3168 "fields you have filled in. For our example function the structure and call "
3173 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1619
3176 " struct guestfs_add_drive_opts_argv {\n"
3177 " uint64_t bitmask;\n"
3179 " const char *format;\n"
3182 " int guestfs_add_drive_opts_argv (guestfs_h *g, const char *filename,\n"
3183 " const struct guestfs_add_drive_opts_argv *optargs);\n"
3188 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1628
3189 msgid "You could call it like this:"
3193 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1630
3196 " struct guestfs_add_drive_opts_argv optargs = {\n"
3197 " .bitmask = GUESTFS_ADD_DRIVE_OPTS_READONLY_BITMASK |\n"
3198 " GUESTFS_ADD_DRIVE_OPTS_FORMAT_BITMASK,\n"
3200 " .format = \"qcow2\"\n"
3206 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1637
3209 " guestfs_add_drive_opts_argv (g, filename, &optargs);\n"
3214 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1639 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:11 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:1858 ../src/guestfs-actions.pod:2785 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:9 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1262 ../fish/guestfish-actions.pod:1898 ../tools/virt-win-reg.pl:704
3219 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1645
3220 msgid "The C<_BITMASK> suffix on each option name when specifying the bitmask."
3224 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1650
3225 msgid "You do not need to fill in all fields of the structure."
3229 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1654
3231 "There must be a one-to-one correspondence between fields of the structure "
3232 "that are filled in, and bits set in the bitmask."
3236 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1659
3237 msgid "OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS IN OTHER LANGUAGES"
3241 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1661
3243 "In other languages, optional arguments are expressed in the way that is "
3244 "natural for that language. We refer you to the language-specific "
3245 "documentation for more details on that."
3249 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1665
3250 msgid "For guestfish, see L<guestfish(1)/OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS>."
3254 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1667
3255 msgid "SETTING CALLBACKS TO HANDLE EVENTS"
3259 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1669
3261 "B<Note:> This section documents the generic event mechanism introduced in "
3262 "libguestfs 1.10, which you should use in new code if possible. The old "
3263 "functions C<guestfs_set_log_message_callback>, "
3264 "C<guestfs_set_subprocess_quit_callback>, "
3265 "C<guestfs_set_launch_done_callback>, C<guestfs_set_close_callback> and "
3266 "C<guestfs_set_progress_callback> are no longer documented in this manual "
3267 "page. Because of the ABI guarantee, the old functions continue to work."
3271 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1678
3273 "Handles generate events when certain things happen, such as log messages "
3274 "being generated, progress messages during long-running operations, or the "
3275 "handle being closed. The API calls described below let you register a "
3276 "callback to be called when events happen. You can register multiple "
3277 "callbacks (for the same, different or overlapping sets of events), and "
3278 "individually remove callbacks. If callbacks are not removed, then they "
3279 "remain in force until the handle is closed."
3283 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1686
3285 "In the current implementation, events are only generated synchronously: that "
3286 "means that events (and hence callbacks) can only happen while you are in the "
3287 "middle of making another libguestfs call. The callback is called in the "
3292 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1691
3294 "Events may contain a payload, usually nothing (void), an array of 64 bit "
3295 "unsigned integers, or a message buffer. Payloads are discussed later on."
3299 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1695
3300 msgid "CLASSES OF EVENTS"
3304 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1699
3305 msgid "GUESTFS_EVENT_CLOSE (payload type: void)"
3309 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1702
3311 "The callback function will be called while the handle is being closed "
3312 "(synchronously from L</guestfs_close>)."
3316 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1705
3318 "Note that libguestfs installs an L<atexit(3)> handler to try to clean up "
3319 "handles that are open when the program exits. This means that this callback "
3320 "might be called indirectly from L<exit(3)>, which can cause unexpected "
3321 "problems in higher-level languages (eg. if your HLL interpreter has already "
3322 "been cleaned up by the time this is called, and if your callback then jumps "
3323 "into some HLL function)."
3327 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1712
3329 "If no callback is registered: the handle is closed without any callback "
3334 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1715
3335 msgid "GUESTFS_EVENT_SUBPROCESS_QUIT (payload type: void)"
3339 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1718
3341 "The callback function will be called when the child process quits, either "
3342 "asynchronously or if killed by L</guestfs_kill_subprocess>. (This "
3343 "corresponds to a transition from any state to the CONFIG state)."
3347 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1722 ../src/guestfs.pod:1731
3348 msgid "If no callback is registered: the event is ignored."
3352 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1724
3353 msgid "GUESTFS_EVENT_LAUNCH_DONE (payload type: void)"
3357 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1727
3359 "The callback function will be called when the child process becomes ready "
3360 "first time after it has been launched. (This corresponds to a transition "
3361 "from LAUNCHING to the READY state)."
3365 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1733
3366 msgid "GUESTFS_EVENT_PROGRESS (payload type: array of 4 x uint64_t)"
3370 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1736
3372 "Some long-running operations can generate progress messages. If this "
3373 "callback is registered, then it will be called each time a progress message "
3374 "is generated (usually two seconds after the operation started, and three "
3375 "times per second thereafter until it completes, although the frequency may "
3376 "change in future versions)."
3380 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1742
3382 "The callback receives in the payload four unsigned 64 bit numbers which are "
3383 "(in order): C<proc_nr>, C<serial>, C<position>, C<total>."
3387 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1745
3389 "The units of C<total> are not defined, although for some operations C<total> "
3390 "may relate in some way to the amount of data to be transferred (eg. in bytes "
3391 "or megabytes), and C<position> may be the portion which has been "
3396 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1750
3397 msgid "The only defined and stable parts of the API are:"
3401 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1756
3403 "The callback can display to the user some type of progress bar or indicator "
3404 "which shows the ratio of C<position>:C<total>."
3408 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1761
3409 msgid "0 E<lt>= C<position> E<lt>= C<total>"
3413 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1765
3415 "If any progress notification is sent during a call, then a final progress "
3416 "notification is always sent when C<position> = C<total> (I<unless> the call "
3417 "fails with an error)."
3421 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1769
3423 "This is to simplify caller code, so callers can easily set the progress "
3424 "indicator to \"100%\" at the end of the operation, without requiring special "
3425 "code to detect this case."
3429 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1775
3431 "For some calls we are unable to estimate the progress of the call, but we "
3432 "can still generate progress messages to indicate activity. This is known as "
3433 "\"pulse mode\", and is directly supported by certain progress bar "
3434 "implementations (eg. GtkProgressBar)."
3438 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1780
3440 "For these calls, zero or more progress messages are generated with "
3441 "C<position = 0> and C<total = 1>, followed by a final message with "
3442 "C<position = total = 1>."
3446 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1784
3448 "As noted above, if the call fails with an error then the final message may "
3453 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1789
3455 "The callback also receives the procedure number (C<proc_nr>) and serial "
3456 "number (C<serial>) of the call. These are only useful for debugging "
3457 "protocol issues, and the callback can normally ignore them. The callback "
3458 "may want to print these numbers in error messages or debugging messages."
3462 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1795
3463 msgid "If no callback is registered: progress messages are discarded."
3467 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1797
3468 msgid "GUESTFS_EVENT_APPLIANCE (payload type: message buffer)"
3472 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1800
3474 "The callback function is called whenever a log message is generated by qemu, "
3475 "the appliance kernel, guestfsd (daemon), or utility programs."
3479 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1803
3481 "If the verbose flag (L</guestfs_set_verbose>) is set before launch "
3482 "(L</guestfs_launch>) then additional debug messages are generated."
3486 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1806 ../src/guestfs.pod:1820
3488 "If no callback is registered: the messages are discarded unless the verbose "
3489 "flag is set in which case they are sent to stderr. You can override the "
3490 "printing of verbose messages to stderr by setting up a callback."
3494 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1811
3495 msgid "GUESTFS_EVENT_LIBRARY (payload type: message buffer)"
3499 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1814
3501 "The callback function is called whenever a log message is generated by the "
3502 "library part of libguestfs."
3506 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1817
3508 "If the verbose flag (L</guestfs_set_verbose>) is set then additional debug "
3509 "messages are generated."
3513 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1825
3514 msgid "GUESTFS_EVENT_TRACE (payload type: message buffer)"
3518 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1828
3520 "The callback function is called whenever a trace message is generated. This "
3521 "only applies if the trace flag (L</guestfs_set_trace>) is set."
3525 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1831
3527 "If no callback is registered: the messages are sent to stderr. You can "
3528 "override the printing of trace messages to stderr by setting up a callback."
3532 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1837
3533 msgid "guestfs_set_event_callback"
3537 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1839
3540 " int guestfs_set_event_callback (guestfs_h *g,\n"
3541 " guestfs_event_callback cb,\n"
3542 " uint64_t event_bitmask,\n"
3549 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1845
3551 "This function registers a callback (C<cb>) for all event classes in the "
3556 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1848
3558 "For example, to register for all log message events, you could call this "
3559 "function with the bitmask C<GUESTFS_EVENT_APPLIANCE|GUESTFS_EVENT_LIBRARY>. "
3560 "To register a single callback for all possible classes of events, use "
3561 "C<GUESTFS_EVENT_ALL>."
3565 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1854
3566 msgid "C<flags> should always be passed as 0."
3570 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1856
3572 "C<opaque> is an opaque pointer which is passed to the callback. You can use "
3573 "it for any purpose."
3577 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1859
3579 "The return value is the event handle (an integer) which you can use to "
3580 "delete the callback (see below)."
3584 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1862
3586 "If there is an error, this function returns C<-1>, and sets the error in the "
3587 "handle in the usual way (see L</guestfs_last_error> etc.)"
3591 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1865
3593 "Callbacks remain in effect until they are deleted, or until the handle is "
3598 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1868
3600 "In the case where multiple callbacks are registered for a particular event "
3601 "class, all of the callbacks are called. The order in which multiple "
3602 "callbacks are called is not defined."
3606 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1872
3607 msgid "guestfs_delete_event_callback"
3611 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1874
3614 " void guestfs_delete_event_callback (guestfs_h *g, int event_handle);\n"
3619 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1876
3621 "Delete a callback that was previously registered. C<event_handle> should be "
3622 "the integer that was returned by a previous call to "
3623 "C<guestfs_set_event_callback> on the same handle."
3627 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1880
3628 msgid "guestfs_event_callback"
3632 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1882
3635 " typedef void (*guestfs_event_callback) (\n"
3638 " uint64_t event,\n"
3639 " int event_handle,\n"
3641 " const char *buf, size_t buf_len,\n"
3642 " const uint64_t *array, size_t array_len);\n"
3647 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1891
3648 msgid "This is the type of the event callback function that you have to provide."
3652 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1894
3654 "The basic parameters are: the handle (C<g>), the opaque user pointer "
3655 "(C<opaque>), the event class (eg. C<GUESTFS_EVENT_PROGRESS>), the event "
3656 "handle, and C<flags> which in the current API you should ignore."
3660 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1898
3662 "The remaining parameters contain the event payload (if any). Each event may "
3663 "contain a payload, which usually relates to the event class, but for future "
3664 "proofing your code should be written to handle any payload for any event "
3669 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1903
3671 "C<buf> and C<buf_len> contain a message buffer (if C<buf_len == 0>, then "
3672 "there is no message buffer). Note that this message buffer can contain "
3673 "arbitrary 8 bit data, including NUL bytes."
3677 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1907
3679 "C<array> and C<array_len> is an array of 64 bit unsigned integers. At the "
3680 "moment this is only used for progress messages."
3684 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1910
3685 msgid "EXAMPLE: CAPTURING LOG MESSAGES"
3689 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1912
3691 "One motivation for the generic event API was to allow GUI programs to "
3692 "capture debug and other messages. In libguestfs E<le> 1.8 these were sent "
3693 "unconditionally to C<stderr>."
3697 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1916
3699 "Events associated with log messages are: C<GUESTFS_EVENT_LIBRARY>, "
3700 "C<GUESTFS_EVENT_APPLIANCE> and C<GUESTFS_EVENT_TRACE>. (Note that error "
3701 "messages are not events; you must capture error messages separately)."
3705 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1921
3707 "Programs have to set up a callback to capture the classes of events of "
3712 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1924
3716 " guestfs_set_event_callback\n"
3717 " (g, message_callback,\n"
3718 " GUESTFS_EVENT_LIBRARY|GUESTFS_EVENT_APPLIANCE|\n"
3719 " GUESTFS_EVENT_TRACE,\n"
3720 " 0, NULL) == -1)\n"
3721 " if (eh == -1) {\n"
3722 " // handle error in the usual way\n"
3728 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1934
3730 "The callback can then direct messages to the appropriate place. In this "
3731 "example, messages are directed to syslog:"
3735 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1937
3739 " message_callback (\n"
3742 " uint64_t event,\n"
3743 " int event_handle,\n"
3745 " const char *buf, size_t buf_len,\n"
3746 " const uint64_t *array, size_t array_len)\n"
3748 " const int priority = LOG_USER|LOG_INFO;\n"
3749 " if (buf_len > 0)\n"
3750 " syslog (priority, \"event 0x%lx: %s\", event, buf);\n"
3756 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1952
3757 msgid "PRIVATE DATA AREA"
3761 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1954
3763 "You can attach named pieces of private data to the libguestfs handle, fetch "
3764 "them by name, and walk over them, for the lifetime of the handle. This is "
3765 "called the private data area and is only available from the C API."
3769 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1959
3770 msgid "To attach a named piece of data, use the following call:"
3774 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1961
3777 " void guestfs_set_private (guestfs_h *g, const char *key, void *data);\n"
3782 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1963
3784 "C<key> is the name to associate with this data, and C<data> is an arbitrary "
3785 "pointer (which can be C<NULL>). Any previous item with the same key is "
3790 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1967
3792 "You can use any C<key> you want, but your key should I<not> start with an "
3793 "underscore character. Keys beginning with an underscore character are "
3794 "reserved for internal libguestfs purposes (eg. for implementing language "
3795 "bindings). It is recommended that you prefix the key with some unique "
3796 "string to avoid collisions with other users."
3800 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1973
3801 msgid "To retrieve the pointer, use:"
3805 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1975
3808 " void *guestfs_get_private (guestfs_h *g, const char *key);\n"
3813 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1977
3815 "This function returns C<NULL> if either no data is found associated with "
3816 "C<key>, or if the user previously set the C<key>'s C<data> pointer to "
3821 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1981
3823 "Libguestfs does not try to look at or interpret the C<data> pointer in any "
3824 "way. As far as libguestfs is concerned, it need not be a valid pointer at "
3825 "all. In particular, libguestfs does I<not> try to free the data when the "
3826 "handle is closed. If the data must be freed, then the caller must either "
3827 "free it before calling L</guestfs_close> or must set up a close callback to "
3828 "do it (see L</GUESTFS_EVENT_CLOSE>)."
3832 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1988
3833 msgid "To walk over all entries, use these two functions:"
3837 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1990
3840 " void *guestfs_first_private (guestfs_h *g, const char **key_rtn);\n"
3845 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1992
3848 " void *guestfs_next_private (guestfs_h *g, const char **key_rtn);\n"
3853 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:1994
3855 "C<guestfs_first_private> returns the first key, pointer pair (\"first\" does "
3856 "not have any particular meaning -- keys are not returned in any defined "
3857 "order). A pointer to the key is returned in C<*key_rtn> and the "
3858 "corresponding data pointer is returned from the function. C<NULL> is "
3859 "returned if there are no keys stored in the handle."
3863 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:2000
3865 "C<guestfs_next_private> returns the next key, pointer pair. The return "
3866 "value of this function is also C<NULL> is there are no further entries to "
3871 #: ../src/guestfs.pod:2004