in the context of the guest. Also you can access filesystems over FTP.
Libguestfs is a library that can be linked with C and C++ management
-programs (or management programs written in OCaml or Perl).
-You can also use it from shell scripts or the command line.
+programs (or management programs written in OCaml, Perl, Python, Ruby, Java
+or Haskell). You can also use it from shell scripts or the command line.
You don't need to be root to use libguestfs, although obviously you do
need enough permissions to access the disk images.
Create a handle by calling C<guestfs_create>. Call C<guestfs_close>
to free the handle and release all resources used.
-Handles and operations on handles are not thread safe. However you
-can use a separate handle for each thread (but not on the same disk
-image).
+For information on using multiple handles and threads, see the section
+MULTIPLE HANDLES AND MULTIPLE THREADS below.
=head2 guestfs_create
The convention in all functions that return C<int> is that they return
C<-1> to indicate an error. You can get additional information on
-errors by calling C<guestfs_set_error_handler>. The default error
-handler prints the information string to C<stderr>.
+errors by calling C<guestfs_last_error> and/or by setting up an error
+handler with C<guestfs_set_error_handler>.
+
+The default error handler prints the information string to C<stderr>.
Out of memory errors are handled differently. The default action is
to call L<abort(3)>. If this is undesirable, then you can set a
handler using C<guestfs_set_out_of_memory_handler>.
+=head2 guestfs_last_error
+
+ const char *guestfs_last_error (guestfs_h *handle);
+
+This returns the last error message that happened on C<handle>. If
+there has not been an error since the handle was created, then this
+returns C<NULL>.
+
+The lifetime of the returned string is until the next error occurs, or
+C<guestfs_close> is called.
+
+The error string is not localized (ie. is always in English), because
+this makes searching for error messages in search engines give the
+largest number of results.
+
=head2 guestfs_set_error_handler
typedef void (*guestfs_error_handler_cb) (guestfs_h *handle,
The default handler prints messages on C<stderr>.
-If you set C<cb> to C<NULL> then I<no> handler is called and the error
-message is completely discarded.
+If you set C<cb> to C<NULL> then I<no> handler is called.
=head2 guestfs_get_error_handler
=head1 HIGH-LEVEL API ACTIONS
+=head2 ABI GUARANTEE
+
+We guarantee the libguestfs ABI (binary interface), for public,
+high-level actions as outlined in this section. Although we will
+deprecate some actions, for example if they get replaced by newer
+calls, we will keep the old actions forever. This allows you the
+developer to program in confidence against libguestfs.
+
@ACTIONS@
=head1 STRUCTURES
=head2 NON-BLOCKING ACTIONS
-XXX NOT IMPLEMENTED YET XXX
+XXX This section was documented in previous versions but never
+implemented in a way which matched the documentation. For now I have
+removed the documentation, pending a working implementation. See also
+C<src/guestfs-actions.c> in the source.
-C<guestfs_set_reply_callback> is the most interesting callback to
-play with, since it allows you to perform actions without blocking.
-For example:
+=head2 guestfs_set_send_callback
- do_it ()
- {
- start_call ();
- guestfs_main_loop_run (); /* --> blocks, then calls my_cb */
- }
-
- start_call ()
- {
- guestfs_set_reply_callback (handle, my_cb, data);
- guestfs_nb_[action] (handle, [other parameters ...]);
- /* returns immediately */
- }
-
- my_cb (guestfs_h *handle, void *data, XDR *xdr)
- {
- retval = guestfs_nb_[action]_r (handle, xdr);
- /* ... */
- }
+ typedef void (*guestfs_send_cb) (guestfs_h *g, void *opaque);
+ void guestfs_set_send_callback (guestfs_h *handle,
+ guestfs_send_cb cb,
+ void *opaque);
-There are C<guestfs_nb_*> and C<guestfs_nb_*_r> functions
-corresponding to every C<guestfs_*> action in the high-level API.
+The callback function C<cb> will be called whenever a message
+which is queued for sending, has been sent.
=head2 guestfs_set_reply_callback
=head2 EVENT MAIN LOOP
-To use the low-level event API, you have to provide an event "main
-loop". You can write your own, but if you don't want to write one,
-two are provided for you:
+To use the low-level event API and/or to use handles from multiple
+threads, you have to provide an event "main loop". You can write your
+own, but if you don't want to write one, two types are provided for
+you:
=over 4
A simple main loop that is implemented using L<select(2)>.
-This is the default main loop unless you call C<guestfs_set_main_loop>
-or C<guestfs_glib_set_main_loop>.
+This is the default main loop for new guestfs handles, unless you
+call C<guestfs_set_main_loop> after a handle is created.
=item libguestfs-glib
=back
-=head2 guestfs_set_main_loop
+=head2 MULTIPLE HANDLES AND MULTIPLE THREADS
- void guestfs_set_main_loop (guestfs_main_loop *);
+The support for multiple handles and multiple threads is modelled
+after glib (although doesn't require glib, if you use the select-based
+main loop).
-This call sets the current main loop to the list of callbacks
-contained in the C<guestfs_main_loop> structure.
+L<http://library.gnome.org/devel/glib/unstable/glib-The-Main-Event-Loop.html>
-Only one main loop implementation can be used by libguestfs, so
-calling this replaces the previous one. (So this is something that
-has to be done by the main program, but only the main program "knows"
-that it is a GTK+ program or whatever).
+You will need to create one main loop for each thread that wants to
+use libguestfs. Each guestfs handle should be confined to one thread.
+If you try to pass guestfs handles between threads, you will get
+undefined results.
-You should call this early in the main program, certainly before
-calling C<guestfs_create>.
+If you only want to use guestfs handles from one thread in your
+program, but your program has other threads doing other things, then
+you don't need to do anything special.
-=head2 guestfs_glib_set_main_loop
+=head2 SINGLE THREAD CASE
- void guestfs_glib_set_main_loop (GMainLoop *);
+In the single thread case, there is a single select-based main loop
+created for you. All guestfs handles will use this main loop to
+execute high level API actions.
-This helper calls C<guestfs_set_main_loop> with the correct callbacks
-for integrating with the GLib main loop.
+=head2 MULTIPLE THREADS CASE
-The libguestfs-glib main loop is contained in a separate library, so
-that libguestfs doesn't depend on the whole of GLib:
+In the multiple threads case, you will need to create a main loop for
+each thread that wants to use libguestfs.
- #include <glib.h>
- #include <guestfs-glib.h>
+To create main loops for other threads, use
+C<guestfs_create_main_loop> or C<guestfs_glib_create_main_loop>.
- main ()
- {
- GMainLoop *loop =
- g_main_loop_new (g_main_context_default (), 1);
- ...
- guestfs_glib_set_main_loop (loop);
- ...
- g_main_loop_run (loop);
- }
+Then you will need to attach each handle to the thread-specific main
+loop by calling:
-To use this main loop you must link with C<-lguestfs-glib>. (See also
-the GLib and GTK+ documentation).
+ handle = guestfs_create ();
+ guestfs_set_main_loop (handle, main_loop_of_current_thread);
-=head2 guestfs_main_loop_run
+=head2 guestfs_set_main_loop
- void guestfs_main_loop_run (void);
+ void guestfs_set_main_loop (guestfs_h *handle,
+ guestfs_main_loop *main_loop);
-This calls the main loop.
+Sets the main loop used by high level API actions for this handle. By
+default, the select-based main loop is used (see
+C<guestfs_get_default_main_loop>).
-For some types of main loop you may want or prefer to call another
-function, eg. C<g_main_loop_run>, or the main loop may already be
-invoked by another part of your program. In those cases, ignore this
-call.
+You only need to use this in multi-threaded programs, where multiple
+threads want to use libguestfs. Create a main loop for each thread,
+then call this function.
-=head2 guestfs_main_loop_quit
+You cannot pass guestfs handles between threads.
- void guestfs_main_loop_quit (void);
+=head2 guestfs_get_main_loop
-This instructs the main loop to quit. In other words,
-C<guestfs_main_loop_run> will return.
+ guestfs_main_loop *guestfs_get_main_loop (guestfs_h *handle);
-For some types of main loop you may want or prefer to call another
-function, eg. C<g_main_loop_quit>. In those cases, ignore this call.
+Return the main loop used by C<handle>.
+
+=head2 guestfs_get_default_main_loop
+
+ guestfs_main_loop *guestfs_get_default_main_loop (void);
+
+Return the default select-based main loop.
+
+=head2 guestfs_create_main_loop
+
+ guestfs_main_loop *guestfs_create_main_loop (void);
+
+This creates a select-based main loop. You should create one main
+loop for each additional thread that needs to use libguestfs.
+
+=head2 guestfs_free_main_loop
+
+ void guestfs_free_main_loop (guestfs_main_loop *);
+
+Free the select-based main loop which was previously allocated with
+C<guestfs_create_main_loop>.
=head2 WRITING A CUSTOM MAIN LOOP
This isn't documented. Please see the libguestfs-select and
libguestfs-glib implementations.
+=head1 BLOCK DEVICE NAMING
+
+In the kernel there is now quite a profusion of schemata for naming
+block devices (in this context, by I<block device> I mean a physical
+or virtual hard drive). The original Linux IDE driver used names
+starting with C</dev/hd*>. SCSI devices have historically used a
+different naming scheme, C</dev/sd*>. When the Linux kernel I<libata>
+driver became a popular replacement for the old IDE driver
+(particularly for SATA devices) those devices also used the
+C</dev/sd*> scheme. Additionally we now have virtual machines with
+paravirtualized drivers. This has created several different naming
+systems, such as C</dev/vd*> for virtio disks and C</dev/xvd*> for Xen
+PV disks.
+
+As discussed above, libguestfs uses a qemu appliance running an
+embedded Linux kernel to access block devices. We can run a variety
+of appliances based on a variety of Linux kernels.
+
+This causes a problem for libguestfs because many API calls use device
+or partition names. Working scripts and the recipe (example) scripts
+that we make available over the internet could fail if the naming
+scheme changes.
+
+Therefore libguestfs defines C</dev/sd*> as the I<standard naming
+scheme>. Internally C</dev/sd*> names are translated, if necessary,
+to other names as required. For example, under RHEL 5 which uses the
+C</dev/hd*> scheme, any device parameter C</dev/sda2> is translated to
+C</dev/hda2> transparently.
+
+Note that this I<only> applies to parameters. The
+C<guestfs_list_devices>, C<guestfs_list_partitions> and similar calls
+return the true names of the devices and partitions as known to the
+appliance.
+
+=head2 ALGORITHM FOR BLOCK DEVICE NAME TRANSLATION
+
+Usually this translation is transparent. However in some (very rare)
+cases you may need to know the exact algorithm. Such cases include
+where you use C<guestfs_config> to add a mixture of virtio and IDE
+devices to the qemu-based appliance, so have a mixture of C</dev/sd*>
+and C</dev/vd*> devices.
+
+The algorithm is applied only to I<parameters> which are known to be
+either device or partition names. Return values from functions such
+as C<guestfs_list_devices> are never changed.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Is the string a parameter which is a device or partition name?
+
+=item *
+
+Does the string begin with C</dev/sd>?
+
+=item *
+
+Does the named device exist? If so, we use that device.
+However if I<not> then we continue with this algorithm.
+
+=item *
+
+Replace initial C</dev/sd> string with C</dev/hd>.
+
+For example, change C</dev/sda2> to C</dev/hda2>.
+
+If that named device exists, use it. If not, continue.
+
+=item *
+
+Replace initial C</dev/sd> string with C</dev/vd>.
+
+If that named device exists, use it. If not, return an error.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 PORTABILITY CONCERNS
+
+Although the standard naming scheme and automatic translation is
+useful for simple programs and guestfish scripts, for larger programs
+it is best not to rely on this mechanism.
+
+Where possible for maximum future portability programs using
+libguestfs should use these future-proof techniques:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Use C<guestfs_list_devices> or C<guestfs_list_partitions> to list
+actual device names, and then use those names directly.
+
+Since those device names exist by definition, they will never be
+translated.
+
+=item *
+
+Use higher level ways to identify filesystems, such as LVM names,
+UUIDs and filesystem labels.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 INTERNALS
+
+=head2 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
+
+Don't rely on using this protocol directly. This section documents
+how it currently works, but it may change at any time.
+
+The protocol used to talk between the library and the daemon running
+inside the qemu virtual machine is a simple RPC mechanism built on top
+of XDR (RFC 1014, RFC 1832, RFC 4506).
+
+The detailed format of structures is in C<src/guestfs_protocol.x>
+(note: this file is automatically generated).
+
+There are two broad cases, ordinary functions that don't have any
+C<FileIn> and C<FileOut> parameters, which are handled with very
+simple request/reply messages. Then there are functions that have any
+C<FileIn> or C<FileOut> parameters, which use the same request and
+reply messages, but they may also be followed by files sent using a
+chunked encoding.
+
+=head3 ORDINARY FUNCTIONS (NO FILEIN/FILEOUT PARAMS)
+
+For ordinary functions, the request message is:
+
+ total length (header + arguments,
+ but not including the length word itself)
+ struct guestfs_message_header (encoded as XDR)
+ struct guestfs_<foo>_args (encoded as XDR)
+
+The total length field allows the daemon to allocate a fixed size
+buffer into which it slurps the rest of the message. As a result, the
+total length is limited to C<GUESTFS_MESSAGE_MAX> bytes (currently
+4MB), which means the effective size of any request is limited to
+somewhere under this size.
+
+Note also that many functions don't take any arguments, in which case
+the C<guestfs_I<foo>_args> is completely omitted.
+
+The header contains the procedure number (C<guestfs_proc>) which is
+how the receiver knows what type of args structure to expect, or none
+at all.
+
+The reply message for ordinary functions is:
+
+ total length (header + ret,
+ but not including the length word itself)
+ struct guestfs_message_header (encoded as XDR)
+ struct guestfs_<foo>_ret (encoded as XDR)
+
+As above the C<guestfs_I<foo>_ret> structure may be completely omitted
+for functions that return no formal return values.
+
+As above the total length of the reply is limited to
+C<GUESTFS_MESSAGE_MAX>.
+
+In the case of an error, a flag is set in the header, and the reply
+message is slightly changed:
+
+ total length (header + error,
+ but not including the length word itself)
+ struct guestfs_message_header (encoded as XDR)
+ struct guestfs_message_error (encoded as XDR)
+
+The C<guestfs_message_error> structure contains the error message as a
+string.
+
+=head3 FUNCTIONS THAT HAVE FILEIN PARAMETERS
+
+A C<FileIn> parameter indicates that we transfer a file I<into> the
+guest. The normal request message is sent (see above). However this
+is followed by a sequence of file chunks.
+
+ total length (header + arguments,
+ but not including the length word itself,
+ and not including the chunks)
+ struct guestfs_message_header (encoded as XDR)
+ struct guestfs_<foo>_args (encoded as XDR)
+ sequence of chunks for FileIn param #0
+ sequence of chunks for FileIn param #1 etc.
+
+The "sequence of chunks" is:
+
+ length of chunk (not including length word itself)
+ struct guestfs_chunk (encoded as XDR)
+ length of chunk
+ struct guestfs_chunk (encoded as XDR)
+ ...
+ length of chunk
+ struct guestfs_chunk (with data.data_len == 0)
+
+The final chunk has the C<data_len> field set to zero. Additionally a
+flag is set in the final chunk to indicate either successful
+completion or early cancellation.
+
+At time of writing there are no functions that have more than one
+FileIn parameter. However this is (theoretically) supported, by
+sending the sequence of chunks for each FileIn parameter one after
+another (from left to right).
+
+Both the library (sender) I<and> the daemon (receiver) may cancel the
+transfer. The library does this by sending a chunk with a special
+flag set to indicate cancellation. When the daemon sees this, it
+cancels the whole RPC, does I<not> send any reply, and goes back to
+reading the next request.
+
+The daemon may also cancel. It does this by writing a special word
+C<GUESTFS_CANCEL_FLAG> to the socket. The library listens for this
+during the transfer, and if it gets it, it will cancel the transfer
+(it sends a cancel chunk). The special word is chosen so that even if
+cancellation happens right at the end of the transfer (after the
+library has finished writing and has started listening for the reply),
+the "spurious" cancel flag will not be confused with the reply
+message.
+
+This protocol allows the transfer of arbitrary sized files (no 32 bit
+limit), and also files where the size is not known in advance
+(eg. from pipes or sockets). However the chunks are rather small
+(C<GUESTFS_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE>), so that neither the library nor the
+daemon need to keep much in memory.
+
+=head3 FUNCTIONS THAT HAVE FILEOUT PARAMETERS
+
+The protocol for FileOut parameters is exactly the same as for FileIn
+parameters, but with the roles of daemon and library reversed.
+
+ total length (header + ret,
+ but not including the length word itself,
+ and not including the chunks)
+ struct guestfs_message_header (encoded as XDR)
+ struct guestfs_<foo>_ret (encoded as XDR)
+ sequence of chunks for FileOut param #0
+ sequence of chunks for FileOut param #1 etc.
+
+=head3 INITIAL MESSAGE
+
+Because the underlying channel (QEmu -net channel) doesn't have any
+sort of connection control, when the daemon launches it sends an
+initial word (C<GUESTFS_LAUNCH_FLAG>) which indicates that the guest
+and daemon is alive. This is what C<guestfs_wait_ready> waits for.
+
+=head1 QEMU WRAPPERS
+
+If you want to compile your own qemu, run qemu from a non-standard
+location, or pass extra arguments to qemu, then you can write a
+shell-script wrapper around qemu.
+
+There is one important rule to remember: you I<must C<exec qemu>> as
+the last command in the shell script (so that qemu replaces the shell
+and becomes the direct child of the libguestfs-using program). If you
+don't do this, then the qemu process won't be cleaned up correctly.
+
+Here is an example of a wrapper, where I have built my own copy of
+qemu from source:
+
+ #!/bin/sh -
+ qemudir=/home/rjones/d/qemu
+ exec $qemudir/x86_64-softmmu/qemu-system-x86_64 -L $qemudir/pc-bios "$@"
+
+Save this script as C</tmp/qemu.wrapper> (or wherever), C<chmod +x>,
+and then use it by setting the LIBGUESTFS_QEMU environment variable.
+For example:
+
+ LIBGUESTFS_QEMU=/tmp/qemu.wrapper guestfish
+
+Note that libguestfs also calls qemu with the -help and -version
+options in order to determine features.
+
=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
=over 4
+=item LIBGUESTFS_APPEND
+
+Pass additional options to the guest kernel.
+
=item LIBGUESTFS_DEBUG
Set C<LIBGUESTFS_DEBUG=1> to enable verbose messages. This
has the same effect as calling C<guestfs_set_verbose (handle, 1)>.
+=item LIBGUESTFS_MEMSIZE
+
+Set the memory allocated to the qemu process, in megabytes. For
+example:
+
+ LIBGUESTFS_MEMSIZE=700
+
=item LIBGUESTFS_PATH
Set the path that libguestfs uses to search for kernel and initrd.img.
See the discussion of paths in section PATH above.
+=item LIBGUESTFS_QEMU
+
+Set the default qemu binary that libguestfs uses. If not set, then
+the qemu which was found at compile time by the configure script is
+used.
+
+See also L<QEMU WRAPPERS> above.
+
=back
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<guestfish(1)>,
L<qemu(1)>,
L<febootstrap(1)>,
-L<http://et.redhat.com/~rjones/libguestfs>.
+L<http://libguestfs.org/>.
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+To get a list of bugs against libguestfs use this link:
+
+L<https://bugzilla.redhat.com/buglist.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools>
+
+To report a new bug against libguestfs use this link:
+
+L<https://bugzilla.redhat.com/enter_bug.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools>
+
+When reporting a bug, please check:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+That the bug hasn't been reported already.
+
+=item *
+
+That you are testing a recent version.
+
+=item *
+
+Describe the bug accurately, and give a way to reproduce it.
+
+=back
=head1 AUTHORS
=head1 COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2009 Red Hat Inc.
-L<http://et.redhat.com/~rjones/libguestfs>
+L<http://libguestfs.org/>
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
git.annexia.org / libguestfs.git / blobdiff