-/* A sometimes minimal FORTH interpreter for Linux / i386 systems. -*- asm -*-
- * By Richard W.M. Jones <rich@annexia.org>
- *
- * gcc -m32 -nostdlib -static -Wl,-Ttext,0 -o jonesforth jonesforth.S
- */
+/* A sometimes minimal FORTH compiler and tutorial for Linux / i386 systems. -*- asm -*-
+ By Richard W.M. Jones <rich@annexia.org> http://annexia.org/forth
+
+ gcc -m32 -nostdlib -static -Wl,-Ttext,0 -o jonesforth jonesforth.S
+
+ INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ FORTH is one of those alien languages which most working programmers regard in the same
+ way as Haskell, LISP, and so on. Something so strange that they'd rather any thoughts
+ of it just go away so they can get on with writing this paying code. But that's wrong
+ and if you care at all about programming then you should at least understand all these
+ languages, even if you will never use them.
+
+ LISP is the ultimate high-level language, and features from LISP are being added every
+ decade to the more common languages. But FORTH is in some ways the ultimate in low level
+ programming. Out of the box it lacks features like dynamic memory management and even
+ strings. In fact, at its primitive level it lacks even basic concepts like IF-statements
+ and loops.
+
+ Why then would you want to learn FORTH? There are several very good reasons. First
+ and foremost, FORTH is minimal. You really can write a complete FORTH in, say, 2000
+ lines of code. I don't just mean a FORTH program, I mean a complete FORTH operating
+ system, environment and language. You could boot such a FORTH on a bare PC and it would
+ come up with a prompt where you could start doing useful work. The FORTH you have here
+ isn't minimal and uses a Linux process as its 'base PC' (both for the purposes of making
+ it a good tutorial). It's possible to completely understand the system. Who can say they
+ completely understand how Linux works, or gcc?
+
+ Secondly FORTH has a peculiar bootstrapping property. By that I mean that after writing
+ a little bit of assembly to talk to the hardware and implement a few primitives, all the
+ rest of the language and compiler is written in FORTH itself. Remember I said before
+ that FORTH lacked IF-statements and loops? Well of course it doesn't really because
+ such a lanuage would be useless, but my point was rather that IF-statements and loops are
+ written in FORTH itself.
+
+ Now of course this is common in other languages as well, and in those languages we call
+ them 'libraries'. For example in C, 'printf' is a library function written in C. But
+ in FORTH this goes way beyond mere libraries. Can you imagine writing C's 'if' in C?
+ And that brings me to my third reason: If you can write 'if' in FORTH, then why restrict
+ yourself to the usual if/while/for/switch constructs? You want a construct that iterates
+ over every other element in a list of numbers? You can add it to the language. What
+ about an operator which pulls in variables directly from a configuration file and makes
+ them available as FORTH variables? Or how about adding Makefile-like dependencies to
+ the language? No problem in FORTH. This concept isn't common in programming languages,
+ but it has a name (in fact two names): "macros" (by which I mean LISP-style macros, not
+ the lame C preprocessor) and "domain specific languages" (DSLs).
+
+ This tutorial isn't about learning FORTH as the language. I'll point you to some references
+ you should read if you're not familiar with using FORTH. This tutorial is about how to
+ write FORTH. In fact, until you understand how FORTH is written, you'll have only a very
+ superficial understanding of how to use it.
+
+ So if you're not familiar with FORTH or want to refresh your memory here are some online
+ references to read:
+
+ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_%28programming_language%29
+
+ http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/551.jvn.fall01/primer.htm
+
+ http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Forth_Lessons
+
+ Here is another "Why FORTH?" essay: http://www.jwdt.com/~paysan/why-forth.html
+
+ SETTING UP ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ Let's get a few housekeeping things out of the way. Firstly because I need to draw lots of
+ ASCII-art diagrams to explain concepts, the best way to look at this is using a window which
+ uses a fixed width font and is at least this wide:
+
+ <------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------>
+
+ ASSEMBLING ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ If you want to actually run this FORTH, rather than just read it, you will need Linux on an
+ i386. Linux because instead of programming directly to the hardware on a bare PC which I
+ could have done, I went for a simpler tutorial by assuming that the 'hardware' is a Linux
+ process with a few basic system calls (read, write and exit and that's about all). i386
+ is needed because I had to write the assembly for a processor, and i386 is by far the most
+ common. (Of course when I say 'i386', any 32- or 64-bit x86 processor will do. I'm compiling
+ this on a 64 bit AMD Opteron).
+
+ Again, to assemble this you will need gcc and gas (the GNU assembler). The commands to
+ assemble and run the code (save this file as 'jonesforth.S') are:
+
+ gcc -m32 -nostdlib -static -Wl,-Ttext,0 -o jonesforth jonesforth.S
+ ./jonesforth
+
+ You will see lots of 'Warning: unterminated string; newline inserted' messages from the
+ assembler. That's just because the GNU assembler doesn't have a good syntax for multi-line
+ strings (or rather it used to, but the developers removed it!) so I've abused the syntax
+ slightly to make things readable. Ignore these warnings.
+
+ ASSEMBLER ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ (You can just skip to the next section -- you don't need to be able to read assembler to
+ follow this tutorial).
+
+ However if you do want to read the assembly code here are a few notes about gas (the GNU assembler):
+
+ (1) Register names are prefixed with '%', so %eax is the 32 bit i386 accumulator. The registers
+ available on i386 are: %eax, %ebx, %ecx, %edx, %esi, %edi, %ebp and %esp, and most of them
+ have special purposes.
+
+ (2) Add, mov, etc. take arguments in the form SRC,DEST. So mov %eax,%ecx moves %eax -> %ecx
+
+ (3) Constants are prefixed with '$', and you mustn't forget it! If you forget it then it
+ causes a read from memory instead, so:
+ mov $2,%eax moves number 2 into %eax
+ mov 2,%eax reads the 32 bit word from address 2 into %eax (ie. most likely a mistake)
+
+ (4) gas has a funky syntax for local labels, where '1f' (etc.) means label '1:' "forwards"
+ and '1b' (etc.) means label '1:' "backwards".
+
+ (5) 'ja' is "jump if above", 'jb' for "jump if below", 'je' "jump if equal" etc.
+
+ (6) gas has a reasonably nice .macro syntax, and I use them a lot to make the code shorter and
+ less repetitive.
+
+ For more help reading the assembler, do "info gas" at the Linux prompt.
+
+ Now the tutorial starts in earnest.
+
+ INDIRECT THREADED CODE ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
-#include <asm-i386/unistd.h>
-/* NOTES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Need to say something about $ before constants.
-And about je/jne/ja/jb/jbe/etc
lea 4(%ebp),%ebp // pop return stack and throw away
NEXT
+#include <asm-i386/unistd.h>
+
defcode "KEY",3,,KEY
call _KEY
push %eax // push return value on stack
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