3 # Copyright (C) 2009-2011 Red Hat Inc.
5 # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
6 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
7 # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
8 # (at your option) any later version.
10 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
13 # GNU General Public License for more details.
15 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16 # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
17 # Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
23 use Sys::Guestfs::Lib qw(open_guest);
26 use File::Temp qw/tempfile/;
28 use Locale::TextDomain 'libguestfs';
34 virt-edit - Edit a file in a virtual machine
38 virt-edit [--options] domname file
40 virt-edit [--options] disk.img [disk.img ...] file
42 virt-edit [domname|disk.img] file -e 'expr'
46 You must I<not> use C<virt-edit> on live virtual machines. If you do
47 this, you risk disk corruption in the VM. C<virt-edit> tries to stop
48 you from doing this, but doesn't catch all cases.
52 C<virt-edit> is a command line tool to edit C<file> where C<file>
53 exists in the named virtual machine (or disk image).
55 If you want to just view a file, use L<virt-cat(1)>.
57 For more complex cases you should look at the L<guestfish(1)> tool
58 (see L</USING GUESTFISH> below).
60 C<virt-edit> cannot be used to create a new file, nor to edit
61 multiple files. L<guestfish(1)> can do that and much more.
65 Edit the named files interactively:
67 virt-edit mydomain /boot/grub/grub.conf
69 virt-edit mydomain /etc/passwd
71 For Windows guests, some Windows paths are understood:
73 virt-edit mywindomain 'c:\autoexec.bat'
75 You can also edit files non-interactively (see
76 L</NON-INTERACTIVE EDITING> below).
77 To change the init default level to 5:
79 virt-edit mydomain /etc/inittab -e 's/^id:.*/id:5:initdefault:/'
99 Display version number and exit.
105 =item B<--backup extension> | B<-b extension>
107 Create a backup of the original file I<in the guest disk image>.
108 The backup has the original filename with C<extension> added.
110 Usually the first character of C<extension> would be a dot C<.>
113 virt-edit -b .orig [etc]
115 By default, no backup file is made.
121 =item B<--connect URI> | B<-c URI>
123 If using libvirt, connect to the given I<URI>. If omitted, then we
124 connect to the default libvirt hypervisor.
126 If you specify guest block devices directly, then libvirt is not used
133 =item B<--format> raw
135 Specify the format of disk images given on the command line. If this
136 is omitted then the format is autodetected from the content of the
139 If disk images are requested from libvirt, then this program asks
140 libvirt for this information. In this case, the value of the format
141 parameter is ignored.
143 If working with untrusted raw-format guest disk images, you should
144 ensure the format is always specified.
150 =item B<--expr EXPR> | B<-e EXPR>
152 Instead of launching the external editor, non-interactively
153 apply the Perl expression C<EXPR> to each line in the file.
154 See L</NON-INTERACTIVE EDITING> below.
156 Be careful to properly quote the expression to prevent it from
157 being altered by the shell.
163 GetOptions ("help|?" => \$help,
164 "version" => \$version,
165 "connect|c=s" => \$uri,
166 "format=s" => \$format,
167 "expr|e=s" => \$expr,
168 "backup|b=s" => \$backup,
170 pod2usage (1) if $help;
172 my $g = Sys::Guestfs->new ();
173 my %h = $g->version ();
174 print "$h{major}.$h{minor}.$h{release}$h{extra}\n";
178 pod2usage (__"virt-edit: no image, VM names or filenames to edit given")
181 my $filename = pop @ARGV;
185 $g = open_guest (\@ARGV, address => $uri, rw => 1, format => $format);
187 $g = open_guest (\@ARGV, rw => 1, format => $format);
192 my @roots = $g->inspect_os ();
194 die __x("{prog}: No operating system could be detected inside this disk image.\n\nThis may be because the file is not a disk image, or is not a virtual machine\nimage, or because the OS type is not understood by libguestfs.\n\nIf you feel this is an error, please file a bug report including as much\ninformation about the disk image as possible.\n",
195 prog => basename ($0));
198 die __x("{prog}: multiboot operating systems are not supported.\n",
199 prog => basename ($0))
201 my $root = $roots[0];
202 my %fses = $g->inspect_get_mountpoints ($root);
203 my @fses = sort { length $a <=> length $b } keys %fses;
205 $g->mount_options ("", $fses{$_}, $_);
208 # Special handling for Windows filenames.
209 $filename = windows_path ($g, $root, $filename)
210 if $g->inspect_get_type ($root) eq "windows";
212 my ($fh, $tempname) = tempfile (UNLINK => 1);
213 my $fddev = "/dev/fd/" . fileno ($fh);
215 # Allow this to fail in case eg. the file does not exist.
216 $g->download ($filename, $fddev);
218 close $fh or die "close: $!";
220 my $do_upload = $tempname;
222 if (!defined $expr) {
223 # Interactively edit the file.
224 my $oldctime = (stat ($tempname))[10];
226 my $editor = $ENV{EDITOR};
228 system ("$editor $tempname") == 0
229 or die "edit failed: $editor: $?";
231 my $newctime = (stat ($tempname))[10];
233 if ($oldctime == $newctime) {
235 print __"File not changed.\n";
238 my ($fh, $tempout) = tempfile (UNLINK => 1);
240 # Apply a Perl expression to the lines of the file.
241 open IFILE, $tempname or die "$tempname: $!";
247 print $fh $_ or die "print: $!";
249 close $fh or die "close: $!";
251 $do_upload = $tempout;
254 if (defined $do_upload) {
255 # Upload to a new file, so if it fails we don't end up with
256 # a partially written file. Give the new file a completely
257 # random name so we have only a tiny chance of overwriting
258 # some existing file.
259 my $dirname = $filename;
260 $dirname =~ s{/[^/]+$}{/};
262 my @chars = ('a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '0'..'9');
263 my $newname = $dirname;
265 $newname .= $chars[rand @chars];
268 $g->upload ($do_upload, $newname);
270 # Backup or overwrite?
271 $g->mv ($filename, "$filename$backup") if defined $backup;
272 $g->mv ($newname, $filename);
280 =head1 NON-INTERACTIVE EDITING
282 C<virt-edit> normally calls out to C<$EDITOR> (or vi) so
283 the system administrator can interactively edit the file.
285 There are two ways also to use C<virt-edit> from scripts in order to
286 make automated edits to files. (Note that although you I<can> use
287 C<virt-edit> like this, it's less error-prone to write scripts
288 directly using the libguestfs API and Augeas for configuration file
291 The first method is to temporarily set C<$EDITOR> to any script or
292 program you want to run. The script is invoked as C<$EDITOR tmpfile>
293 and it should update C<tmpfile> in place however it likes.
295 The second method is to use the I<-e> parameter of C<virt-edit> to run
296 a short Perl snippet in the style of L<sed(1)>. For example to
297 replace all instances of C<foo> with C<bar> in a file:
299 virt-edit domname filename -e 's/foo/bar/'
301 The full power of Perl regular expressions can be used (see
302 L<perlre(1)>). For example to delete root's password you could do:
304 virt-edit domname /etc/passwd -e 's/^root:.*?:/root::/'
306 What really happens is that the snippet is evaluated as a Perl
307 expression for each line of the file. The line, including the final
308 C<\n>, is passed in C<$_> and the expression should update C<$_> or
311 To delete a line, set C<$_> to the empty string. For example, to
312 delete the C<apache> user account from the password file you can do:
314 virt-edit mydomain /etc/passwd -e '$_ = "" if /^apache:/'
316 To insert a line, prepend or append it to C<$_>. However appending
317 lines to the end of the file is rather difficult this way since there
318 is no concept of "last line of the file" - your expression just
319 doesn't get called again. You might want to use the first method
320 (setting C<$EDITOR>) if you want to do this.
322 The variable C<$lineno> contains the current line number.
323 As is traditional, the first line in the file is number C<1>.
325 The return value from the expression is ignored, but the expression
326 may call C<die> in order to abort the whole program, leaving the
327 original file untouched.
329 Remember when matching the end of a line that C<$_> may contain the
330 final C<\n>, or (for DOS files) C<\r\n>, or if the file does not end
331 with a newline then neither of these. Thus to match or substitute
332 some text at the end of a line, use this regular expression:
336 Alternately, use the perl C<chomp> function, being careful not to
337 chomp C<$_> itself (since that would remove all newlines from the
340 my $m = $_; chomp $m; $m =~ /some text$/
344 C<virt-edit> has a limited ability to understand Windows drive letters
345 and paths (eg. C<E:\foo\bar.txt>).
347 If and only if the guest is running Windows then:
353 Drive letter prefixes like C<C:> are resolved against the
354 Windows Registry to the correct filesystem.
358 Any backslash (C<\>) characters in the path are replaced
359 with forward slashes so that libguestfs can process it.
363 The path is resolved case insensitively to locate the file
364 that should be edited.
368 There are some known shortcomings:
374 Some NTFS symbolic links may not be followed correctly.
378 NTFS junction points that cross filesystems are not followed.
388 my $filename = shift;
390 # Deal with drive letters.
391 if ($filename =~ /^([a-z]):(.*)/i) {
393 my $drive_letter = $1;
395 # Look up the drive letter in the drive mapping table. We
396 # have to do a case insensitive comparison, the slow way.
398 my %drives = $g->inspect_get_drive_mappings ($root);
399 foreach (keys %drives) {
400 if (lc $_ eq lc $drive_letter) {
401 $device = $drives{$_};
406 die __x("virt-edit: drive '{x}:' not found\n", x => $drive_letter)
407 unless defined $device;
409 # Unmount current disk and remount $device.
411 $g->mount_options ("", $device, "/");
414 # Replace any backslashes in the rest of the path with
416 $filename =~ s{\\}{/}g;
418 # If the user put \foo on the command line without quoting it
419 # properly, then we'll see that here as a bare path. Add a more
420 # descriptive error message here.
421 if (substr ($filename, 0, 1) ne "/") {
422 die __x("virt-edit: '{f}' does not start with a / or \\ character.
423 If you are using Windows style paths with backslashes like C:\\foo.txt
424 then don't forget that you must quote them with single quotes to
425 prevent the shell from munging the backslashes.\n",
430 $filename = $g->case_sensitive_path ($filename);
435 =head1 USING GUESTFISH
437 L<guestfish(1)> is a more powerful, lower level tool which you can use
438 when C<virt-edit> doesn't work.
440 Using C<virt-edit> is approximately equivalent to doing:
442 guestfish --rw -i -d domname edit /file
444 where C<domname> is the name of the libvirt guest, and C</file> is the
445 full path to the file.
447 The command above uses libguestfs's guest inspection feature and so
448 does not work on guests that libguestfs cannot inspect, or on things
449 like arbitrary disk images that don't contain guests. To edit a file
450 on a disk image directly, use:
452 guestfish --rw -a disk.img -m /dev/sda1 edit /file
454 where C<disk.img> is the disk image, C</dev/sda1> is the filesystem
455 within the disk image to edit, and C</file> is the full path to the
458 C<virt-edit> cannot create new files. Use the guestfish commands
459 C<touch>, C<write> or C<upload> instead:
461 guestfish --rw -i -d domname touch /newfile
463 guestfish --rw -i -d domname write /newfile "new content"
465 guestfish --rw -i -d domname upload localfile /newfile
467 C<virt-edit> cannot edit multiple files, but guestfish can
470 guestfish --rw -i -d domname edit /file1 : edit /file2
476 =head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
482 If set, this string is used as the editor. It may contain arguments,
485 If not set, C<vi> is used.
491 Libvirt guest names can contain arbitrary characters, some of which
492 have meaning to the shell such as C<#> and space. You may need to
493 quote or escape these characters on the command line. See the shell
494 manual page L<sh(1)> for details.
504 L<Sys::Guestfs::Lib(3)>,
506 L<http://libguestfs.org/>,
512 Richard W.M. Jones L<http://people.redhat.com/~rjones/>
516 Copyright (C) 2009-2011 Red Hat Inc.
518 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
519 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
520 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
521 (at your option) any later version.
523 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
524 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
525 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
526 GNU General Public License for more details.
528 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
529 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
530 Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.