5 virt-rescue - Run a rescue shell on a virtual machine
9 virt-rescue [--options] -d domname
11 virt-rescue [--options] -a disk.img [-a disk.img ...]
13 virt-rescue --suggest (-d domname | -a disk.img ...)
17 virt-rescue [--options] domname
19 virt-rescue [--options] disk.img [disk.img ...]
23 You must I<not> use C<virt-rescue> on live virtual machines. Doing so
24 will probably result in disk corruption in the VM. C<virt-rescue>
25 tries to stop you from doing this, but doesn't catch all cases.
27 However if you use the I<--ro> (read only) option, then you can attach
28 a shell to a live virtual machine. The results might be strange or
29 inconsistent at times but you won't get disk corruption.
33 virt-rescue is like a Rescue CD, but for virtual machines, and without
34 the need for a CD. virt-rescue gives you a rescue shell and some
35 simple recovery tools which you can use to examine or rescue a virtual
36 machine or disk image.
38 You can run virt-rescue on any virtual machine known to libvirt, or
39 directly on disk image(s):
41 virt-rescue -d GuestName
43 virt-rescue --ro -a /path/to/disk.img
45 virt-rescue -a /dev/sdc
47 For live VMs you I<must> use the --ro option.
49 When you run virt-rescue on a virtual machine or disk image, you are
50 placed in an interactive bash shell where you can use many ordinary
51 Linux commands. What you see in C</> (C</bin>, C</lib> etc) is the
52 rescue appliance. You must mount the virtual machine's filesystems by
53 hand. There is an empty directory called C</sysroot> where you can
56 You can get virt-rescue to suggest mount commands for you by using the
57 I<--suggest> option (in another terminal):
59 $ virt-rescue --suggest -d Fedora15
60 Inspecting the virtual machine or disk image ...
62 This disk contains one or more operating systems. You can use these
63 mount commands in virt-rescue (at the ><rescue> prompt) to mount the
66 # /dev/vg_f15x32/lv_root is the root of a linux operating system
67 # type: linux, distro: fedora, version: 15.0
68 # Fedora release 15 (Lovelock)
70 mount /dev/vg_f15x32/lv_root /sysroot/
71 mount /dev/vda1 /sysroot/boot
72 mount --bind /dev /sysroot/dev
73 mount --bind /dev/pts /sysroot/dev/pts
74 mount --bind /proc /sysroot/proc
75 mount --bind /sys /sysroot/sys
77 Another way is to list the logical volumes (with L<lvs(8)>) and
78 partitions (with L<parted(8)>) and mount them by hand:
81 LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
82 lv_root vg_f15x32 -wi-a- 8.83G
83 lv_swap vg_f15x32 -wi-a- 992.00M
84 ><rescue> mount /dev/vg_f15x32/lv_root /sysroot
85 ><rescue> mount /dev/vda1 /sysroot/boot
88 Another command to list available filesystems is
89 L<virt-filesystems(1)>.
91 To run commands in a Linux guest (for example, grub), you should
92 chroot into the /sysroot directory first:
94 ><rescue> chroot /sysroot
98 Virt-rescue can be used on I<any> disk image file or device, not just
99 a virtual machine. For example you can use it on a blank file if you
100 want to partition that file (although we would recommend using
101 L<guestfish(1)> instead as it is more suitable for this purpose). You
102 can even use virt-rescue on things like SD cards.
104 Virt-rescue does not require root. You only need to run it as root if
105 you need root to open the disk image.
107 This tool is just designed for quick interactive hacking on a virtual
108 machine. For more structured access to a virtual machine disk image,
109 you should use L<guestfs(3)>. To get a structured shell that you can
110 use to make scripted changes to guests, use L<guestfish(1)>.
124 Add I<file> which should be a disk image from a virtual machine. If
125 the virtual machine has multiple block devices, you must supply all of
126 them with separate I<-a> options.
128 The format of the disk image is auto-detected. To override this and
129 force a particular format use the I<--format=..> option.
131 =item B<--append kernelopts>
133 Pass additional options to the rescue kernel.
137 =item B<--connect> URI
139 If using libvirt, connect to the given I<URI>. If omitted, then we
140 connect to the default libvirt hypervisor.
142 If you specify guest block devices directly (I<-a>), then libvirt is
147 =item B<--domain> guest
149 Add all the disks from the named libvirt guest. Domain UUIDs can be
150 used instead of names.
152 =item B<--format=raw|qcow2|..>
156 The default for the I<-a> option is to auto-detect the format of the
157 disk image. Using this forces the disk format for I<-a> options which
158 follow on the command line. Using I<--format> with no argument
159 switches back to auto-detection for subsequent I<-a> options.
163 virt-rescue --format=raw -a disk.img
165 forces raw format (no auto-detection) for C<disk.img>.
167 virt-rescue --format=raw -a disk.img --format -a another.img
169 forces raw format (no auto-detection) for C<disk.img> and reverts to
170 auto-detection for C<another.img>.
172 If you have untrusted raw-format guest disk images, you should use
173 this option to specify the disk format. This avoids a possible
174 security problem with malicious guests (CVE-2010-3851).
178 =item B<--memsize MB>
180 Change the amount of memory allocated to the rescue system. The
181 default is set by libguestfs and is small but adequate for running
182 system tools. The occasional program might need more memory. The
183 parameter is specified in megabytes.
187 Enable QEMU user networking in the guest. See L</NETWORK>.
193 Open the image read-only.
195 The option must always be used if the disk image or virtual machine
196 might be running, and is generally recommended in cases where you
197 don't need write access to the disk.
199 See also L<guestfish(1)/OPENING DISKS FOR READ AND WRITE>.
203 Enable SELinux in the rescue appliance. You should read
204 L<guestfs(3)/SELINUX> before using this option.
208 Enable N E<ge> 2 virtual CPUs in the rescue appliance.
212 Inspect the disk image and suggest what mount commands should be used
213 to mount the disks. You should use the I<--suggest> option in a
214 second terminal, then paste the commands into another virt-rescue.
216 This option implies I<--ro> and is safe to use even if the guest is up
217 or if another virt-rescue is running.
223 Enable verbose messages for debugging.
229 Display version number and exit.
235 This changes the I<-a> and I<-d> options so that disks are
236 added and mounts are done read-write.
238 See L<guestfish(1)/OPENING DISKS FOR READ AND WRITE>.
242 Enable tracing of libguestfs API calls.
246 =head1 OLD-STYLE COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
248 Previous versions of virt-rescue allowed you to write either:
250 virt-rescue disk.img [disk.img ...]
254 virt-rescue guestname
256 whereas in this version you should use I<-a> or I<-d> respectively
257 to avoid the confusing case where a disk image might have the same
260 For compatibility the old style is still supported.
264 Adding the I<--network> option enables QEMU user networking
265 in the rescue appliance. There are some differences between
266 user networking and ordinary networking:
270 =item ping does not work
272 Because the ICMP ECHO_REQUEST protocol generally requires root in
273 order to send the ping packets, and because virt-rescue must be able
274 to run as non-root, QEMU user networking is not able to emulate the
275 L<ping(8)> command. The ping command will appear to resolve addresses
276 but will not be able to send or receive any packets. This does not
277 mean that the network is not working.
279 =item cannot receive connections
281 QEMU user networking cannot receive incoming connections.
283 =item making TCP connections
285 The virt-rescue appliance needs to be small and so does not include
286 many network tools. In particular there is no L<telnet(1)> command.
287 You can make TCP connections from the shell using the magical
288 C</dev/tcp/E<lt>hostnameE<gt>/E<lt>portE<gt>> syntax:
290 exec 3<>/dev/tcp/redhat.com/80
294 See L<bash(1)> for more details.
298 =head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
300 Several environment variables affect virt-rescue. See
301 L<guestfs(3)/ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES> for the complete list.
305 Libvirt guest names can contain arbitrary characters, some of which
306 have meaning to the shell such as C<#> and space. You may need to
307 quote or escape these characters on the command line. See the shell
308 manual page L<sh(1)> for details.
314 =item $HOME/.libguestfs-tools.rc
316 =item /etc/libguestfs-tools.conf
318 This configuration file controls the default read-only or read-write
319 mode (I<--ro> or I<--rw>).
321 See L<guestfish(1)/OPENING DISKS FOR READ AND WRITE>.
331 L<virt-filesystems(1)>,
332 L<http://libguestfs.org/>.
336 Richard W.M. Jones L<http://people.redhat.com/~rjones/>
340 Copyright (C) 2009-2011 Red Hat Inc.
342 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
343 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
344 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
345 (at your option) any later version.
347 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
348 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
349 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
350 GNU General Public License for more details.
352 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
353 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
354 Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.