5 guestfish - the libguestfs Filesystem Interactive SHell
9 guestfish [--options] [commands]
15 guestfish -a disk.img -m dev[:mountpoint]
17 guestfish -d libvirt-domain
19 guestfish -a disk.img -i
21 guestfish -d libvirt-domain -i
25 Using guestfish in read/write mode on live virtual machines can be
26 dangerous, potentially causing disk corruption. Use the I<--ro>
27 (read-only) option to use guestfish safely if the disk image or
28 virtual machine might be live.
32 Guestfish is a shell and command-line tool for examining and modifying
33 virtual machine filesystems. It uses libguestfs and exposes all of
34 the functionality of the guestfs API, see L<guestfs(3)>.
36 Guestfish gives you structured access to the libguestfs API, from
37 shell scripts or the command line or interactively. If you want to
38 rescue a broken virtual machine image, you should look at the
39 L<virt-rescue(1)> command.
43 =head2 As an interactive shell
47 Welcome to guestfish, the libguestfs filesystem interactive shell for
48 editing virtual machine filesystems.
50 Type: 'help' for a list of commands
51 'man' to read the manual
52 'quit' to quit the shell
56 ><fs> list-filesystems
58 /dev/vg_guest/lv_root: ext4
59 /dev/vg_guest/lv_swap: swap
60 ><fs> mount /dev/vg_guest/lv_root /
67 =head2 From shell scripts
69 Create a new C</etc/motd> file in a guest or disk image:
74 mount /dev/vg_guest/lv_root /
75 write /etc/motd "Welcome, new users"
78 List the LVM logical volumes in a disk image:
80 guestfish -a disk.img --ro <<_EOF_
85 List all the filesystems in a disk image:
87 guestfish -a disk.img --ro <<_EOF_
92 =head2 On one command line
94 Update C</etc/resolv.conf> in a guest:
97 add disk.img : run : mount /dev/vg_guest/lv_root / : \
98 write /etc/resolv.conf "nameserver 1.2.3.4"
100 Edit C</boot/grub/grub.conf> interactively:
102 guestfish --add disk.img \
103 --mount /dev/vg_guest/lv_root \
104 --mount /dev/sda1:/boot \
105 edit /boot/grub/grub.conf
107 =head2 Mount disks automatically
109 Use the I<-i> option to automatically mount the
110 disks from a virtual machine:
112 guestfish --ro -a disk.img -i cat /etc/group
114 guestfish --ro -d libvirt-domain -i cat /etc/group
116 Another way to edit C</boot/grub/grub.conf> interactively is:
118 guestfish -a disk.img -i edit /boot/grub/grub.conf
120 =head2 As a script interpreter
122 Create a 100MB disk containing an ext2-formatted partition:
124 #!/usr/bin/guestfish -f
125 sparse test1.img 100M
127 part-disk /dev/sda mbr
130 =head2 Start with a prepared disk
132 An alternate way to create a 100MB disk called C<test1.img> containing
133 a single ext2-formatted partition:
137 To list what is available do:
139 guestfish -N help | less
141 =head2 Remote control
143 eval `guestfish --listen`
144 guestfish --remote add-ro disk.img
145 guestfish --remote run
146 guestfish --remote lvs
154 Displays general help on options.
156 =item B<-h> | B<--cmd-help>
158 Lists all available guestfish commands.
160 =item B<-h cmd> | B<--cmd-help cmd>
162 Displays detailed help on a single command C<cmd>.
164 =item B<-a image> | B<--add image>
166 Add a block device or virtual machine image to the shell.
168 The format of the disk image is auto-detected. To override this and
169 force a particular format use the I<--format=..> option.
171 =item B<-c URI> | B<--connect URI>
173 When used in conjunction with the I<-d> option, this specifies
174 the libvirt URI to use. The default is to use the default libvirt
177 =item B<-d libvirt-domain> | B<--domain libvirt-domain>
179 Add disks from the named libvirt domain. If the I<--ro> option is
180 also used, then any libvirt domain can be used. However in write
181 mode, only libvirt domains which are shut down can be named here.
183 =item B<-D> | B<--no-dest-paths>
185 Don't tab-complete paths on the guest filesystem. It is useful to be
186 able to hit the tab key to complete paths on the guest filesystem, but
187 this causes extra "hidden" guestfs calls to be made, so this option is
188 here to allow this feature to be disabled.
192 When prompting for keys and passphrases, guestfish normally turns
193 echoing off so you cannot see what you are typing. If you are not
194 worried about Tempest attacks and there is no one else in the room
195 you can specify this flag to see what you are typing.
197 =item B<-f file> | B<--file file>
199 Read commands from C<file>. To write pure guestfish
202 #!/usr/bin/guestfish -f
204 =item B<--format=raw|qcow2|..> | B<--format>
206 The default for the I<-a> option is to auto-detect the format of the
207 disk image. Using this forces the disk format for I<-a> options which
208 follow on the command line. Using I<--format> with no argument
209 switches back to auto-detection for subsequent I<-a> options.
213 guestfish --format=raw -a disk.img
215 forces raw format (no auto-detection) for C<disk.img>.
217 guestfish --format=raw -a disk.img --format -a another.img
219 forces raw format (no auto-detection) for C<disk.img> and reverts to
220 auto-detection for C<another.img>.
222 If you have untrusted raw-format guest disk images, you should use
223 this option to specify the disk format. This avoids a possible
224 security problem with malicious guests (CVE-2010-3851). See also
227 =item B<-i> | B<--inspector>
229 Using L<virt-inspector(1)> code, inspect the disks looking for
230 an operating system and mount filesystems as they would be
231 mounted on the real virtual machine.
233 Typical usage is either:
235 guestfish -d myguest -i
237 (for an inactive libvirt domain called I<myguest>), or:
239 guestfish --ro -d myguest -i
241 (for active domains, readonly), or specify the block device directly:
243 guestfish -a /dev/Guests/MyGuest -i
245 Note that the command line syntax changed slightly over older
246 versions of guestfish. You can still use the old syntax:
248 guestfish [--ro] -i disk.img
250 guestfish [--ro] -i libvirt-domain
252 =item B<--keys-from-stdin>
254 Read key or passphrase parameters from stdin. The default is
255 to try to read passphrases from the user by opening C</dev/tty>.
259 Fork into the background and listen for remote commands. See section
260 L</REMOTE CONTROL GUESTFISH OVER A SOCKET> below.
262 =item B<-m dev[:mountpoint]> | B<--mount dev[:mountpoint]>
264 Mount the named partition or logical volume on the given mountpoint.
266 If the mountpoint is omitted, it defaults to C</>.
268 You have to mount something on C</> before most commands will work.
270 If any I<-m> or I<--mount> options are given, the guest is
271 automatically launched.
273 If you don't know what filesystems a disk image contains, you
274 can either run guestfish without this option, then list the partitions
275 and LVs available (see L</list-partitions> and L</lvs> commands),
276 or you can use the L<virt-list-filesystems(1)> program.
278 =item B<-n> | B<--no-sync>
280 Disable autosync. This is enabled by default. See the discussion
281 of autosync in the L<guestfs(3)> manpage.
283 =item B<-N type> | B<--new type> | B<-N help>
285 Prepare a fresh disk image formatted as "type". This is an
286 alternative to the I<-a> option: whereas I<-a> adds an existing disk,
287 I<-N> creates a preformatted disk with a filesystem and adds it.
288 See L</PREPARED DISK IMAGES> below.
290 =item B<--progress-bars>
292 Enable progress bars, even when guestfish is used non-interactively.
294 Progress bars are enabled by default when guestfish is used as an
297 =item B<--no-progress-bars>
299 Disable progress bars.
301 =item B<--remote[=pid]>
303 Send remote commands to C<$GUESTFISH_PID> or C<pid>. See section
304 L</REMOTE CONTROL GUESTFISH OVER A SOCKET> below.
306 =item B<-r> | B<--ro>
308 This changes the I<-a> and I<-m> options so that disks are added and
309 mounts are done read-only (see L<guestfs(3)/guestfs_mount_ro>).
311 The option must always be used if the disk image or virtual machine
312 might be running, and is generally recommended in cases where you
313 don't need write access to the disk.
315 Note that prepared disk images created with I<-N> are not affected by
320 Enable SELinux support for the guest. See L<guestfs(3)/SELINUX>.
322 =item B<-v> | B<--verbose>
324 Enable very verbose messages. This is particularly useful if you find
327 =item B<-V> | B<--version>
329 Display the guestfish / libguestfs version number and exit.
333 Echo each command before executing it.
337 =head1 COMMANDS ON COMMAND LINE
339 Any additional (non-option) arguments are treated as commands to
342 Commands to execute should be separated by a colon (C<:>), where the
343 colon is a separate parameter. Thus:
345 guestfish cmd [args...] : cmd [args...] : cmd [args...] ...
347 If there are no additional arguments, then we enter a shell, either an
348 interactive shell with a prompt (if the input is a terminal) or a
349 non-interactive shell.
351 In either command line mode or non-interactive shell, the first
352 command that gives an error causes the whole shell to exit. In
353 interactive mode (with a prompt) if a command fails, you can continue
356 =head1 USING launch (OR run)
358 As with L<guestfs(3)>, you must first configure your guest by adding
359 disks, then launch it, then mount any disks you need, and finally
360 issue actions/commands. So the general order of the day is:
382 C<run> is a synonym for C<launch>. You must C<launch> (or C<run>)
383 your guest before mounting or performing any other commands.
385 The only exception is that if any of the I<-i>, I<-m>, I<--mount>,
386 I<-N> or I<--new> options were given then C<run> is done
387 automatically, simply because guestfish can't perform the action you
388 asked for without doing this.
392 You can quote ordinary parameters using either single or double
395 add "file with a space.img"
401 A few commands require a list of strings to be passed. For these, use
402 a whitespace-separated list, enclosed in quotes. Strings containing whitespace
403 to be passed through must be enclosed in single quotes. A literal single quote
404 must be escaped with a backslash.
406 vgcreate VG "/dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1"
407 command "/bin/echo 'foo bar'"
408 command "/bin/echo \'foo\'"
410 =head1 OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS
412 Some commands take optional arguments. These arguments appear in this
413 documentation as C<[argname:..]>. You can use them as in these
416 add-drive-opts filename
418 add-drive-opts filename readonly:true
420 add-drive-opts filename format:qcow2 readonly:false
422 Each optional argument can appear at most once. All optional
423 arguments must appear after the required ones.
427 This section applies to all commands which can take integers
432 When the command takes a parameter measured in bytes, you can use one
433 of the following suffixes to specify kilobytes, megabytes and larger
438 =item B<k> or B<K> or B<KiB>
440 The size in kilobytes (multiplied by 1024).
444 The size in SI 1000 byte units.
448 The size in megabytes (multiplied by 1048576).
452 The size in SI 1000000 byte units.
456 The size in gigabytes (multiplied by 2**30).
460 The size in SI 10**9 byte units.
464 The size in terabytes (multiplied by 2**40).
468 The size in SI 10**12 byte units.
472 The size in petabytes (multiplied by 2**50).
476 The size in SI 10**15 byte units.
480 The size in exabytes (multiplied by 2**60).
484 The size in SI 10**18 byte units.
488 The size in zettabytes (multiplied by 2**70).
492 The size in SI 10**21 byte units.
496 The size in yottabytes (multiplied by 2**80).
500 The size in SI 10**24 byte units.
506 truncate-size /file 1G
508 would truncate the file to 1 gigabyte.
510 Be careful because a few commands take sizes in kilobytes or megabytes
511 (eg. the parameter to L</memsize> is specified in megabytes already).
512 Adding a suffix will probably not do what you expect.
514 =head2 OCTAL AND HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS
516 For specifying the radix (base) use the C convention: C<0> to prefix
517 an octal number or C<0x> to prefix a hexadecimal number. For example:
519 1234 decimal number 1234
520 02322 octal number, equivalent to decimal 1234
521 0x4d2 hexadecimal number, equivalent to decimal 1234
523 When using the C<chmod> command, you almost always want to specify an
524 octal number for the mode, and you must prefix it with C<0> (unlike
525 the Unix L<chmod(1)> program):
527 chmod 0777 /public # OK
528 chmod 777 /public # WRONG! This is mode 777 decimal = 01411 octal.
530 Commands that return numbers usually print them in decimal, but
531 some commands print numbers in other radices (eg. C<umask> prints
532 the mode in octal, preceeded by C<0>).
534 =head1 WILDCARDS AND GLOBBING
536 Neither guestfish nor the underlying guestfs API performs
537 wildcard expansion (globbing) by default. So for example the
538 following will not do what you expect:
542 Assuming you don't have a directory called literally C</home/*>
543 then the above command will return an error.
545 To perform wildcard expansion, use the C<glob> command.
549 runs C<rm-rf> on each path that matches (ie. potentially running
550 the command many times), equivalent to:
556 C<glob> only works on simple guest paths and not on device names.
558 If you have several parameters, each containing a wildcard, then glob
559 will perform a Cartesian product.
563 Any line which starts with a I<#> character is treated as a comment
564 and ignored. The I<#> can optionally be preceeded by whitespace,
565 but B<not> by a command. For example:
571 Blank lines are also ignored.
573 =head1 RUNNING COMMANDS LOCALLY
575 Any line which starts with a I<!> character is treated as a command
576 sent to the local shell (C</bin/sh> or whatever L<system(3)> uses).
580 tgz-out /remote local/remote-data.tar.gz
582 will create a directory C<local> on the host, and then export
583 the contents of C</remote> on the mounted filesystem to
584 C<local/remote-data.tar.gz>. (See C<tgz-out>).
586 To change the local directory, use the C<lcd> command. C<!cd> will
587 have no effect, due to the way that subprocesses work in Unix.
591 Use C<command E<lt>spaceE<gt> | command> to pipe the output of the
592 first command (a guestfish command) to the second command (any host
593 command). For example:
595 cat /etc/passwd | awk -F: '$3 == 0 { print }'
597 (where C<cat> is the guestfish cat command, but C<awk> is the host awk
598 program). The above command would list all accounts in the guest
599 filesystem which have UID 0, ie. root accounts including backdoors.
602 hexdump /bin/ls | head
603 list-devices | tail -1
604 tgz-out / - | tar ztf -
606 The space before the pipe symbol is required, any space after the pipe
607 symbol is optional. Everything after the pipe symbol is just passed
608 straight to the host shell, so it can contain redirections, globs and
609 anything else that makes sense on the host side.
611 To use a literal argument which begins with a pipe symbol, you have
616 =head1 HOME DIRECTORIES
618 If a parameter starts with the character C<~> then the tilde may be
619 expanded as a home directory path (either C<~> for the current user's
620 home directory, or C<~user> for another user).
622 Note that home directory expansion happens for users known I<on the
623 host>, not in the guest filesystem.
625 To use a literal argument which begins with a tilde, you have to quote
630 =head1 ENCRYPTED DISKS
632 Libguestfs has some support for Linux guests encrypted according to
633 the Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS) standard, which includes nearly all
634 whole disk encryption systems used by modern Linux guests. Currently
635 only LVM-on-LUKS is supported.
637 Identify encrypted block devices and partitions using L</vfs-type>:
639 ><fs> vfs-type /dev/sda2
642 Then open those devices using L</luks-open>. This creates a
643 device-mapper device called C</dev/mapper/luksdev>.
645 ><fs> luks-open /dev/sda2 luksdev
646 Enter key or passphrase ("key"): <enter the passphrase>
648 Finally you have to tell LVM to scan for volume groups on
649 the newly created mapper device:
654 The logical volume(s) can now be mounted in the usual way.
656 Before closing a LUKS device you must unmount any logical volumes on
657 it and deactivate the volume groups by calling C<vg-activate false VG>
658 on each one. Then you can close the mapper device:
660 vg-activate false /dev/VG
661 luks-close /dev/mapper/luksdev
665 If a path is prefixed with C<win:> then you can use Windows-style
666 paths (with some limitations). The following commands are equivalent:
668 file /WINDOWS/system32/config/system.LOG
670 file win:/windows/system32/config/system.log
672 file win:\windows\system32\config\system.log
674 file WIN:C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\conFIG\SYSTEM.LOG
676 This syntax implicitly calls C<case-sensitive-path> (q.v.) so it also
677 handles case insensitivity like Windows would. This only works in
678 argument positions that expect a path.
680 =head1 UPLOADING AND DOWNLOADING FILES
682 For commands such as C<upload>, C<download>, C<tar-in>, C<tar-out> and
683 others which upload from or download to a local file, you can use the
684 special filename C<-> to mean "from stdin" or "to stdout". For example:
688 reads stdin and creates from that a file C</foo> in the disk image,
691 tar-out /etc - | tar tf -
693 writes the tarball to stdout and then pipes that into the external
694 "tar" command (see L</PIPES>).
696 When using C<-> to read from stdin, the input is read up to the end of
697 stdin. You can also use a special "heredoc"-like syntax to read up to
698 some arbitrary end marker:
706 Any string of characters can be used instead of C<END>. The end
707 marker must appear on a line of its own, without any preceeding or
708 following characters (not even spaces).
710 Note that the C<-E<lt>E<lt>> syntax only applies to parameters used to
711 upload local files (so-called "FileIn" parameters in the generator).
713 =head1 EXIT ON ERROR BEHAVIOUR
715 By default, guestfish will ignore any errors when in interactive mode
716 (ie. taking commands from a human over a tty), and will exit on the
717 first error in non-interactive mode (scripts, commands given on the
720 If you prefix a command with a I<-> character, then that command will
721 not cause guestfish to exit, even if that (one) command returns an
724 =head1 REMOTE CONTROL GUESTFISH OVER A SOCKET
726 Guestfish can be remote-controlled over a socket. This is useful
727 particularly in shell scripts where you want to make several different
728 changes to a filesystem, but you don't want the overhead of starting
729 up a guestfish process each time.
731 Start a guestfish server process using:
733 eval `guestfish --listen`
735 and then send it commands by doing:
737 guestfish --remote cmd [...]
739 To cause the server to exit, send it the exit command:
741 guestfish --remote exit
743 Note that the server will normally exit if there is an error in a
744 command. You can change this in the usual way. See section
745 L</EXIT ON ERROR BEHAVIOUR>.
747 =head2 CONTROLLING MULTIPLE GUESTFISH PROCESSES
749 The C<eval> statement sets the environment variable C<$GUESTFISH_PID>,
750 which is how the I<--remote> option knows where to send the commands.
751 You can have several guestfish listener processes running using:
753 eval `guestfish --listen`
755 eval `guestfish --listen`
758 guestfish --remote=$pid1 cmd
759 guestfish --remote=$pid2 cmd
761 =head2 REMOTE CONTROL DETAILS
763 Remote control happens over a Unix domain socket called
764 C</tmp/.guestfish-$UID/socket-$PID>, where C<$UID> is the effective
765 user ID of the process, and C<$PID> is the process ID of the server.
767 Guestfish client and server versions must match exactly.
769 =head1 PREPARED DISK IMAGES
771 Use the I<-N type> or I<--new type> parameter to select one of a set
772 of preformatted disk images that guestfish can make for you to save
773 typing. This is particularly useful for testing purposes. This
774 option is used instead of the I<-a> option, and like I<-a> can appear
775 multiple times (and can be mixed with I<-a>).
777 The new disk is called C<test1.img> for the first I<-N>, C<test2.img>
778 for the second and so on. Existing files in the current directory are
781 The type briefly describes how the disk should be sized, partitioned,
782 how filesystem(s) should be created, and how content should be added.
783 Optionally the type can be followed by extra parameters, separated by
784 C<:> (colon) characters. For example, I<-N fs> creates a default
785 100MB, sparsely-allocated disk, containing a single partition, with
786 the partition formatted as ext2. I<-N fs:ext4:1G> is the same, but
787 for an ext4 filesystem on a 1GB disk instead.
789 To list the available types and any extra parameters they take, run:
791 guestfish -N help | less
793 Note that the prepared filesystem is not mounted. You would usually
794 have to use the C<mount /dev/sda1 /> command or add the
795 I<-m /dev/sda1> option.
797 If any I<-N> or I<--new> options are given, the guest is automatically
802 Create a 100MB disk with an ext4-formatted partition:
806 Create a 32MB disk with a VFAT-formatted partition, and mount it:
808 guestfish -N fs:vfat:32M -m /dev/sda1
810 Create a blank 200MB disk:
812 guestfish -N disk:200M
816 Some (not all) long-running commands send progress notification
817 messages as they are running. Guestfish turns these messages into
820 When a command that supports progress bars takes longer than two
821 seconds to run, and if progress bars are enabled, then you will see
822 one appearing below the command:
824 ><fs> copy-size /large-file /another-file 2048M
825 / 10% [#####-----------------------------------------] 00:30
827 The spinner on the left hand side moves round once for every progress
828 notification received from the backend. This is a (reasonably) golden
829 assurance that the command is "doing something" even if the progress
830 bar is not moving, because the command is able to send the progress
831 notifications. When the bar reaches 100% and the command finishes,
832 the spinner disappears.
834 Progress bars are enabled by default when guestfish is used
835 interactively. You can enable them even for non-interactive modes
836 using I<--progress-bars>, and you can disable them completely using
837 I<--no-progress-bars>.
839 =head1 GUESTFISH COMMANDS
841 The commands in this section are guestfish convenience commands, in
842 other words, they are not part of the L<guestfs(3)> API.
849 Without any parameter, this lists all commands. With a C<cmd>
850 parameter, this displays detailed help for a command.
854 This exits guestfish. You can also use C<^D> key.
864 guestfish returns 0 if the commands completed without error, or
865 1 if there was an error.
867 =head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
873 The C<edit> command uses C<$EDITOR> as the editor. If not
878 Used with the I<--remote> option to specify the remote guestfish
879 process to control. See section
880 L</REMOTE CONTROL GUESTFISH OVER A SOCKET>.
884 The L</hexedit> command uses C<$HEXEDITOR> as the external hex
885 editor. If not specified, the external L<hexedit(1)> program
890 If compiled with GNU readline support, various files in the
891 home directory can be used. See L</FILES>.
893 =item LIBGUESTFS_APPEND
895 Pass additional options to the guest kernel.
897 =item LIBGUESTFS_DEBUG
899 Set C<LIBGUESTFS_DEBUG=1> to enable verbose messages. This has the
900 same effect as using the B<-v> option.
902 =item LIBGUESTFS_MEMSIZE
904 Set the memory allocated to the qemu process, in megabytes. For
907 LIBGUESTFS_MEMSIZE=700
909 =item LIBGUESTFS_PATH
911 Set the path that guestfish uses to search for kernel and initrd.img.
912 See the discussion of paths in L<guestfs(3)>.
914 =item LIBGUESTFS_QEMU
916 Set the default qemu binary that libguestfs uses. If not set, then
917 the qemu which was found at compile time by the configure script is
920 =item LIBGUESTFS_TRACE
922 Set C<LIBGUESTFS_TRACE=1> to enable command traces.
926 The C<more> command uses C<$PAGER> as the pager. If not
927 set, it uses C<more>.
931 Location of temporary directory, defaults to C</tmp>.
933 If libguestfs was compiled to use the supermin appliance then the
934 real appliance is cached in this directory, shared between all
935 handles belonging to the same EUID. You can use C<$TMPDIR> to
936 configure another directory to use in case C</tmp> is not large
945 =item $HOME/.guestfish
947 If compiled with GNU readline support, then the command history
948 is saved in this file.
954 If compiled with GNU readline support, then these files can be used to
955 configure readline. For further information, please see
956 L<readline(3)/INITIALIZATION FILE>.
958 To write rules which only apply to guestfish, use:
964 Variables that you can set in inputrc that change the behaviour
965 of guestfish in useful ways include:
969 =item completion-ignore-case (default: on)
971 By default, guestfish will ignore case when tab-completing
972 paths on the disk. Use:
974 set completion-ignore-case off
976 to make guestfish case sensitive.
982 =item test2.img (etc)
984 When using the C<-N> or C<--new> option, the prepared disk or
985 filesystem will be created in the file C<test1.img> in the current
986 directory. The second use of C<-N> will use C<test2.img> and so on.
987 Any existing file with the same name will be overwritten.
994 L<http://libguestfs.org/>,
998 L<virt-list-filesystems(1)>,
999 L<virt-list-partitions(1)>,
1010 Richard W.M. Jones (C<rjones at redhat dot com>)
1014 Copyright (C) 2009-2010 Red Hat Inc.
1015 L<http://libguestfs.org/>
1017 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
1018 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
1019 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
1020 (at your option) any later version.
1022 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
1023 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
1024 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
1025 GNU General Public License for more details.
1027 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
1028 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
1029 Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.