=encoding utf8 =head1 NAME guestfs - Library for accessing and modifying virtual machine images =head1 SYNOPSIS #include guestfs_h *handle = guestfs_create (); guestfs_add_drive (handle, "guest.img"); guestfs_launch (handle); guestfs_wait_ready (handle); guestfs_mount (handle, "/dev/sda1", "/"); guestfs_touch (handle, "/hello"); guestfs_sync (handle); guestfs_close (handle); =head1 DESCRIPTION Libguestfs is a library for accessing and modifying guest disk images. Amongst the things this is good for: making batch configuration changes to guests, getting disk used/free statistics (see also: virt-df), migrating between virtualization systems (see also: virt-p2v), performing partial backups, performing partial guest clones, cloning guests and changing registry/UUID/hostname info, and much else besides. Libguestfs uses Linux kernel and qemu code, and can access any type of guest filesystem that Linux and qemu can, including but not limited to: ext2/3/4, btrfs, FAT and NTFS, LVM, many different disk partition schemes, qcow, qcow2, vmdk. Libguestfs provides ways to enumerate guest storage (eg. partitions, LVs, what filesystem is in each LV, etc.). It can also run commands in the context of the guest. Also you can access filesystems over FTP. Libguestfs is a library that can be linked with C and C++ management programs (or management programs written in OCaml, Perl or Python). You can also use it from shell scripts or the command line. You don't need to be root to use libguestfs, although obviously you do need enough permissions to access the disk images. =head1 CONNECTION MANAGEMENT If you are using the high-level API, then you should call the functions in the following order: guestfs_h *handle = guestfs_create (); guestfs_add_drive (handle, "guest.img"); /* call guestfs_add_drive additional times if the guest has * multiple disks */ guestfs_launch (handle); guestfs_wait_ready (handle); /* now you can examine what partitions, LVs etc are available * you have to mount / at least */ guestfs_mount (handle, "/dev/sda1", "/"); /* now you can perform actions on the guest disk image */ guestfs_touch (handle, "/hello"); /* you only need to call guestfs_sync if you have made * changes to the guest image */ guestfs_sync (handle); guestfs_close (handle); C and all of the actions including C are blocking calls. You can use the low-level event API to do non-blocking operations instead. All functions that return integers, return C<-1> on error. See section ERROR HANDLING below for how to handle errors. =head2 guestfs_h * C is the opaque type representing a connection handle. Create a handle by calling C. Call C to free the handle and release all resources used. Handles and operations on handles are not thread safe. However you can use a separate handle for each thread (but not on the same disk image). =head2 guestfs_create guestfs_h *guestfs_create (void); Create a connection handle. You have to call C on the handle at least once. This function returns a non-NULL pointer to a handle on success or NULL on error. After configuring the handle, you have to call C and C. You may also want to configure error handling for the handle. See ERROR HANDLING section below. =head2 guestfs_close void guestfs_close (guestfs_h *handle); This closes the connection handle and frees up all resources used. =head1 ERROR HANDLING The convention in all functions that return C is that they return C<-1> to indicate an error. You can get additional information on errors by calling C and/or by setting up an error handler with C. The default error handler prints the information string to C. Out of memory errors are handled differently. The default action is to call L. If this is undesirable, then you can set a handler using C. =head2 guestfs_last_error const char *guestfs_last_error (guestfs_h *handle); This returns the last error message that happened on C. If there has not been an error since the handle was created, then this returns C. The lifetime of the returned string is until the next error occurs, or C is called. The error string is not localized (ie. is always in English), because this makes searching for error messages in search engines give the largest number of results. =head2 guestfs_set_error_handler typedef void (*guestfs_error_handler_cb) (guestfs_h *handle, void *data, const char *msg); void guestfs_set_error_handler (guestfs_h *handle, guestfs_error_handler_cb cb, void *data); The callback C will be called if there is an error. The parameters passed to the callback are an opaque data pointer and the error message string. Note that the message string C is freed as soon as the callback function returns, so if you want to stash it somewhere you must make your own copy. The default handler prints messages on C. If you set C to C then I handler is called. =head2 guestfs_get_error_handler guestfs_error_handler_cb guestfs_get_error_handler (guestfs_h *handle, void **data_rtn); Returns the current error handler callback. =head2 guestfs_set_out_of_memory_handler typedef void (*guestfs_abort_cb) (void); int guestfs_set_out_of_memory_handler (guestfs_h *handle, guestfs_abort_cb); The callback C will be called if there is an out of memory situation. I. The default is to call L. You cannot set C to C. You can't ignore out of memory situations. =head2 guestfs_get_out_of_memory_handler guestfs_abort_fn guestfs_get_out_of_memory_handler (guestfs_h *handle); This returns the current out of memory handler. =head1 PATH Libguestfs needs a kernel and initrd.img, which it finds by looking along an internal path. By default it looks for these in the directory C<$libdir/guestfs> (eg. C or C). Use C or set the environment variable C to change the directories that libguestfs will search in. The value is a colon-separated list of paths. The current directory is I searched unless the path contains an empty element or C<.>. For example C would search the current directory and then C. =head1 HIGH-LEVEL API ACTIONS @ACTIONS@ =head1 STRUCTURES @STRUCTS@ =head1 STATE MACHINE AND LOW-LEVEL EVENT API Internally, libguestfs is implemented by running a virtual machine using L. QEmu runs as a child process of the main program, and most of this discussion won't make sense unless you understand that the complexity is dealing with the (asynchronous) actions of the child process. child process ___________________ _________________________ / \ / \ | main program | | qemu +-----------------+| | | | | Linux kernel || +-------------------+ | +-----------------+| | libguestfs <-------------->| guestfsd || | | | +-----------------+| \___________________/ \_________________________/ The diagram above shows libguestfs communicating with the guestfsd daemon running inside the qemu child process. There are several points of failure here: qemu can fail to start, the virtual machine inside qemu can fail to boot, guestfsd can fail to start or not establish communication, any component can start successfully but fail asynchronously later, and so on. =head2 STATE MACHINE libguestfs uses a state machine to model the child process: | guestfs_create | | ____V_____ / \ | CONFIG | \__________/ ^ ^ ^ \ / | \ \ guestfs_launch / | _\__V______ / | / \ / | | LAUNCHING | / | \___________/ / | / / | guestfs_wait_ready / | / ______ / __|____V / \ ------> / \ | BUSY | | READY | \______/ <------ \________/ The normal transitions are (1) CONFIG (when the handle is created, but there is no child process), (2) LAUNCHING (when the child process is booting up), (3) alternating between READY and BUSY as commands are issued to, and carried out by, the child process. The guest may be killed by C, or may die asynchronously at any time (eg. due to some internal error), and that causes the state to transition back to CONFIG. Configuration commands for qemu such as C can only be issued when in the CONFIG state. The high-level API offers two calls that go from CONFIG through LAUNCHING to READY. C is a non-blocking call that starts up the child process, immediately moving from CONFIG to LAUNCHING. C blocks until the child process is READY to accept commands (or until some failure or timeout). The low-level event API described below provides a non-blocking way to replace C. High-level API actions such as C can only be issued when in the READY state. These high-level API calls block waiting for the command to be carried out (ie. the state to transition to BUSY and then back to READY). But using the low-level event API, you get non-blocking versions. (But you can still only carry out one operation per handle at a time - that is a limitation of the communications protocol we use). Finally, the child process sends asynchronous messages back to the main program, such as kernel log messages. Mostly these are ignored by the high-level API, but using the low-level event API you can register to receive these messages. =head2 SETTING CALLBACKS TO HANDLE EVENTS The child process generates events in some situations. Current events include: receiving a reply message after some action, receiving a log message, the child process exits, &c. Use the C functions to set a callback for different types of events. Only I can be registered for each handle. Calling C again overwrites the previous callback of that type. Cancel all callbacks of this type by calling this function with C set to C. =head2 NON-BLOCKING ACTIONS XXX NOT IMPLEMENTED YET XXX C is the most interesting callback to play with, since it allows you to perform actions without blocking. For example: do_it () { start_call (); guestfs_main_loop_run (); /* --> blocks, then calls my_cb */ } start_call () { guestfs_set_reply_callback (handle, my_cb, data); guestfs_nb_[action] (handle, [other parameters ...]); /* returns immediately */ } my_cb (guestfs_h *handle, void *data, XDR *xdr) { retval = guestfs_nb_[action]_r (handle, xdr); /* ... */ } There are C and C functions corresponding to every C action in the high-level API. =head2 guestfs_set_reply_callback typedef void (*guestfs_reply_cb) (guestfs_h *g, void *opaque, XDR *xdr); void guestfs_set_reply_callback (guestfs_h *handle, guestfs_reply_cb cb, void *opaque); The callback function C will be called whenever a reply is received from the child process. (This corresponds to a transition from the BUSY state to the READY state). Note that the C that you get in the callback is in C mode, and you need to consume it before you return from the callback function (since it gets destroyed after). =head2 guestfs_set_log_message_callback typedef void (*guestfs_log_message_cb) (guestfs_h *g, void *opaque, char *buf, int len); void guestfs_set_log_message_callback (guestfs_h *handle, guestfs_log_message_cb cb, void *opaque); The callback function C will be called whenever qemu or the guest writes anything to the console. Use this function to capture kernel messages and similar. Normally there is no log message handler, and log messages are just discarded. =head2 guestfs_set_subprocess_quit_callback typedef void (*guestfs_subprocess_quit_cb) (guestfs_h *g, void *opaque); void guestfs_set_subprocess_quit_callback (guestfs_h *handle, guestfs_subprocess_quit_cb cb, void *opaque); The callback function C will be called when the child process quits, either asynchronously or if killed by C. (This corresponds to a transition from any state to the CONFIG state). =head2 guestfs_set_launch_done_callback typedef void (*guestfs_launch_done_cb) (guestfs_h *g, void *opaque); void guestfs_set_launch_done_callback (guestfs_h *handle, guestfs_ready_cb cb, void *opaque); The callback function C will be called when the child process becomes ready first time after it has been launched. (This corresponds to a transition from LAUNCHING to the READY state). You can use this instead of C to implement a non-blocking wait for the child process to finish booting up. =head2 EVENT MAIN LOOP To use the low-level event API, you have to provide an event "main loop". You can write your own, but if you don't want to write one, two are provided for you: =over 4 =item libguestfs-select A simple main loop that is implemented using L. This is the default main loop unless you call C or C. =item libguestfs-glib An implementation which can be used with GLib and GTK+ programs. You can use this to write graphical (GTK+) programs which use libguestfs without hanging during long or slow operations. =back =head2 guestfs_set_main_loop void guestfs_set_main_loop (guestfs_main_loop *); This call sets the current main loop to the list of callbacks contained in the C structure. Only one main loop implementation can be used by libguestfs, so calling this replaces the previous one. (So this is something that has to be done by the main program, but only the main program "knows" that it is a GTK+ program or whatever). You should call this early in the main program, certainly before calling C. =head2 guestfs_glib_set_main_loop void guestfs_glib_set_main_loop (GMainLoop *); This helper calls C with the correct callbacks for integrating with the GLib main loop. The libguestfs-glib main loop is contained in a separate library, so that libguestfs doesn't depend on the whole of GLib: #include #include main () { GMainLoop *loop = g_main_loop_new (g_main_context_default (), 1); ... guestfs_glib_set_main_loop (loop); ... g_main_loop_run (loop); } To use this main loop you must link with C<-lguestfs-glib>. (See also the GLib and GTK+ documentation). =head2 guestfs_main_loop_run void guestfs_main_loop_run (void); This calls the main loop. For some types of main loop you may want or prefer to call another function, eg. C, or the main loop may already be invoked by another part of your program. In those cases, ignore this call. =head2 guestfs_main_loop_quit void guestfs_main_loop_quit (void); This instructs the main loop to quit. In other words, C will return. For some types of main loop you may want or prefer to call another function, eg. C. In those cases, ignore this call. =head2 WRITING A CUSTOM MAIN LOOP This isn't documented. Please see the libguestfs-select and libguestfs-glib implementations. =head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES =over 4 =item LIBGUESTFS_DEBUG Set C to enable verbose messages. This has the same effect as calling C. =item LIBGUESTFS_PATH Set the path that libguestfs uses to search for kernel and initrd.img. See the discussion of paths in section PATH above. =back =head1 SEE ALSO L, L, L, L. =head1 AUTHORS Richard W.M. Jones (C) =head1 COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2009 Red Hat Inc. L This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA