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7 # This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
8 # modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
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12 # This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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14 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
15 # Lesser General Public License for more details.
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18 # License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
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25 Sys::Guestfs - Perl bindings for libguestfs
31 my $h = Sys::Guestfs->new ();
32 $h->add_drive ('guest.img');
35 $h->mount ('/dev/sda1', '/');
41 The C<Sys::Guestfs> module provides a Perl XS binding to the
42 libguestfs API for examining and modifying virtual machine
45 Amongst the things this is good for: making batch configuration
46 changes to guests, getting disk used/free statistics (see also:
47 virt-df), migrating between virtualization systems (see also:
48 virt-p2v), performing partial backups, performing partial guest
49 clones, cloning guests and changing registry/UUID/hostname info, and
52 Libguestfs uses Linux kernel and qemu code, and can access any type of
53 guest filesystem that Linux and qemu can, including but not limited
54 to: ext2/3/4, btrfs, FAT and NTFS, LVM, many different disk partition
55 schemes, qcow, qcow2, vmdk.
57 Libguestfs provides ways to enumerate guest storage (eg. partitions,
58 LVs, what filesystem is in each LV, etc.). It can also run commands
59 in the context of the guest. Also you can access filesystems over FTP.
63 All errors turn into calls to C<croak> (see L<Carp(3)>).
77 XSLoader::load ('Sys::Guestfs');
79 =item $h = Sys::Guestfs->new ();
81 Create a new guestfs handle.
87 my $class = ref ($proto) || $proto;
89 my $self = Sys::Guestfs::_create ();
94 =item $h->add_cdrom ($filename);
96 This function adds a virtual CD-ROM disk image to the guest.
98 This is equivalent to the qemu parameter C<-cdrom filename>.
100 Note that this call checks for the existence of C<filename>. This
101 stops you from specifying other types of drive which are supported
102 by qemu such as C<nbd:> and C<http:> URLs. To specify those, use
103 the general C<$h-E<gt>config> call instead.
105 =item $h->add_drive ($filename);
107 This function adds a virtual machine disk image C<filename> to the
108 guest. The first time you call this function, the disk appears as IDE
109 disk 0 (C</dev/sda>) in the guest, the second time as C</dev/sdb>, and
112 You don't necessarily need to be root when using libguestfs. However
113 you obviously do need sufficient permissions to access the filename
114 for whatever operations you want to perform (ie. read access if you
115 just want to read the image or write access if you want to modify the
118 This is equivalent to the qemu parameter C<-drive file=filename,cache=off>.
120 Note that this call checks for the existence of C<filename>. This
121 stops you from specifying other types of drive which are supported
122 by qemu such as C<nbd:> and C<http:> URLs. To specify those, use
123 the general C<$h-E<gt>config> call instead.
125 =item $h->add_drive_ro ($filename);
127 This adds a drive in snapshot mode, making it effectively
130 Note that writes to the device are allowed, and will be seen for
131 the duration of the guestfs handle, but they are written
132 to a temporary file which is discarded as soon as the guestfs
133 handle is closed. We don't currently have any method to enable
134 changes to be committed, although qemu can support this.
136 This is equivalent to the qemu parameter
137 C<-drive file=filename,snapshot=on>.
139 Note that this call checks for the existence of C<filename>. This
140 stops you from specifying other types of drive which are supported
141 by qemu such as C<nbd:> and C<http:> URLs. To specify those, use
142 the general C<$h-E<gt>config> call instead.
144 =item $h->aug_close ();
146 Close the current Augeas handle and free up any resources
147 used by it. After calling this, you have to call
148 C<$h-E<gt>aug_init> again before you can use any other
151 =item ($nrnodes, $created) = $h->aug_defnode ($name, $expr, $val);
153 Defines a variable C<name> whose value is the result of
156 If C<expr> evaluates to an empty nodeset, a node is created,
157 equivalent to calling C<$h-E<gt>aug_set> C<expr>, C<value>.
158 C<name> will be the nodeset containing that single node.
160 On success this returns a pair containing the
161 number of nodes in the nodeset, and a boolean flag
162 if a node was created.
164 =item $nrnodes = $h->aug_defvar ($name, $expr);
166 Defines an Augeas variable C<name> whose value is the result
167 of evaluating C<expr>. If C<expr> is NULL, then C<name> is
170 On success this returns the number of nodes in C<expr>, or
171 C<0> if C<expr> evaluates to something which is not a nodeset.
173 =item $val = $h->aug_get ($path);
175 Look up the value associated with C<path>. If C<path>
176 matches exactly one node, the C<value> is returned.
178 =item $h->aug_init ($root, $flags);
180 Create a new Augeas handle for editing configuration files.
181 If there was any previous Augeas handle associated with this
182 guestfs session, then it is closed.
184 You must call this before using any other C<$h-E<gt>aug_*>
187 C<root> is the filesystem root. C<root> must not be NULL,
190 The flags are the same as the flags defined in
191 E<lt>augeas.hE<gt>, the logical I<or> of the following
196 =item C<AUG_SAVE_BACKUP> = 1
198 Keep the original file with a C<.augsave> extension.
200 =item C<AUG_SAVE_NEWFILE> = 2
202 Save changes into a file with extension C<.augnew>, and
203 do not overwrite original. Overrides C<AUG_SAVE_BACKUP>.
205 =item C<AUG_TYPE_CHECK> = 4
207 Typecheck lenses (can be expensive).
209 =item C<AUG_NO_STDINC> = 8
211 Do not use standard load path for modules.
213 =item C<AUG_SAVE_NOOP> = 16
215 Make save a no-op, just record what would have been changed.
217 =item C<AUG_NO_LOAD> = 32
219 Do not load the tree in C<$h-E<gt>aug_init>.
223 To close the handle, you can call C<$h-E<gt>aug_close>.
225 To find out more about Augeas, see L<http://augeas.net/>.
227 =item $h->aug_insert ($path, $label, $before);
229 Create a new sibling C<label> for C<path>, inserting it into
230 the tree before or after C<path> (depending on the boolean
233 C<path> must match exactly one existing node in the tree, and
234 C<label> must be a label, ie. not contain C</>, C<*> or end
235 with a bracketed index C<[N]>.
237 =item $h->aug_load ();
239 Load files into the tree.
241 See C<aug_load> in the Augeas documentation for the full gory
244 =item @matches = $h->aug_ls ($path);
246 This is just a shortcut for listing C<$h-E<gt>aug_match>
247 C<path/*> and sorting the resulting nodes into alphabetical order.
249 =item @matches = $h->aug_match ($path);
251 Returns a list of paths which match the path expression C<path>.
252 The returned paths are sufficiently qualified so that they match
253 exactly one node in the current tree.
255 =item $h->aug_mv ($src, $dest);
257 Move the node C<src> to C<dest>. C<src> must match exactly
258 one node. C<dest> is overwritten if it exists.
260 =item $nrnodes = $h->aug_rm ($path);
262 Remove C<path> and all of its children.
264 On success this returns the number of entries which were removed.
266 =item $h->aug_save ();
268 This writes all pending changes to disk.
270 The flags which were passed to C<$h-E<gt>aug_init> affect exactly
273 =item $h->aug_set ($path, $val);
275 Set the value associated with C<path> to C<value>.
277 =item $h->blockdev_flushbufs ($device);
279 This tells the kernel to flush internal buffers associated
282 This uses the L<blockdev(8)> command.
284 =item $blocksize = $h->blockdev_getbsz ($device);
286 This returns the block size of a device.
288 (Note this is different from both I<size in blocks> and
289 I<filesystem block size>).
291 This uses the L<blockdev(8)> command.
293 =item $ro = $h->blockdev_getro ($device);
295 Returns a boolean indicating if the block device is read-only
296 (true if read-only, false if not).
298 This uses the L<blockdev(8)> command.
300 =item $sizeinbytes = $h->blockdev_getsize64 ($device);
302 This returns the size of the device in bytes.
304 See also C<$h-E<gt>blockdev_getsz>.
306 This uses the L<blockdev(8)> command.
308 =item $sectorsize = $h->blockdev_getss ($device);
310 This returns the size of sectors on a block device.
311 Usually 512, but can be larger for modern devices.
313 (Note, this is not the size in sectors, use C<$h-E<gt>blockdev_getsz>
316 This uses the L<blockdev(8)> command.
318 =item $sizeinsectors = $h->blockdev_getsz ($device);
320 This returns the size of the device in units of 512-byte sectors
321 (even if the sectorsize isn't 512 bytes ... weird).
323 See also C<$h-E<gt>blockdev_getss> for the real sector size of
324 the device, and C<$h-E<gt>blockdev_getsize64> for the more
325 useful I<size in bytes>.
327 This uses the L<blockdev(8)> command.
329 =item $h->blockdev_rereadpt ($device);
331 Reread the partition table on C<device>.
333 This uses the L<blockdev(8)> command.
335 =item $h->blockdev_setbsz ($device, $blocksize);
337 This sets the block size of a device.
339 (Note this is different from both I<size in blocks> and
340 I<filesystem block size>).
342 This uses the L<blockdev(8)> command.
344 =item $h->blockdev_setro ($device);
346 Sets the block device named C<device> to read-only.
348 This uses the L<blockdev(8)> command.
350 =item $h->blockdev_setrw ($device);
352 Sets the block device named C<device> to read-write.
354 This uses the L<blockdev(8)> command.
356 =item $content = $h->cat ($path);
358 Return the contents of the file named C<path>.
360 Note that this function cannot correctly handle binary files
361 (specifically, files containing C<\0> character which is treated
362 as end of string). For those you need to use the C<$h-E<gt>download>
363 function which has a more complex interface.
365 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
366 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
369 =item $checksum = $h->checksum ($csumtype, $path);
371 This call computes the MD5, SHAx or CRC checksum of the
374 The type of checksum to compute is given by the C<csumtype>
375 parameter which must have one of the following values:
381 Compute the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) specified by POSIX
382 for the C<cksum> command.
386 Compute the MD5 hash (using the C<md5sum> program).
390 Compute the SHA1 hash (using the C<sha1sum> program).
394 Compute the SHA224 hash (using the C<sha224sum> program).
398 Compute the SHA256 hash (using the C<sha256sum> program).
402 Compute the SHA384 hash (using the C<sha384sum> program).
406 Compute the SHA512 hash (using the C<sha512sum> program).
410 The checksum is returned as a printable string.
412 =item $h->chmod ($mode, $path);
414 Change the mode (permissions) of C<path> to C<mode>. Only
415 numeric modes are supported.
417 =item $h->chown ($owner, $group, $path);
419 Change the file owner to C<owner> and group to C<group>.
421 Only numeric uid and gid are supported. If you want to use
422 names, you will need to locate and parse the password file
423 yourself (Augeas support makes this relatively easy).
425 =item $output = $h->command (\@arguments);
427 This call runs a command from the guest filesystem. The
428 filesystem must be mounted, and must contain a compatible
429 operating system (ie. something Linux, with the same
430 or compatible processor architecture).
432 The single parameter is an argv-style list of arguments.
433 The first element is the name of the program to run.
434 Subsequent elements are parameters. The list must be
435 non-empty (ie. must contain a program name). Note that
436 the command runs directly, and is I<not> invoked via
437 the shell (see C<$h-E<gt>sh>).
439 The return value is anything printed to I<stdout> by
442 If the command returns a non-zero exit status, then
443 this function returns an error message. The error message
444 string is the content of I<stderr> from the command.
446 The C<$PATH> environment variable will contain at least
447 C</usr/bin> and C</bin>. If you require a program from
448 another location, you should provide the full path in the
451 Shared libraries and data files required by the program
452 must be available on filesystems which are mounted in the
453 correct places. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure
454 all filesystems that are needed are mounted at the right
457 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
458 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
461 =item @lines = $h->command_lines (\@arguments);
463 This is the same as C<$h-E<gt>command>, but splits the
464 result into a list of lines.
466 See also: C<$h-E<gt>sh_lines>
468 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
469 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
472 =item $h->config ($qemuparam, $qemuvalue);
474 This can be used to add arbitrary qemu command line parameters
475 of the form C<-param value>. Actually it's not quite arbitrary - we
476 prevent you from setting some parameters which would interfere with
477 parameters that we use.
479 The first character of C<param> string must be a C<-> (dash).
481 C<value> can be NULL.
483 =item $h->cp ($src, $dest);
485 This copies a file from C<src> to C<dest> where C<dest> is
486 either a destination filename or destination directory.
488 =item $h->cp_a ($src, $dest);
490 This copies a file or directory from C<src> to C<dest>
491 recursively using the C<cp -a> command.
493 =item $result = $h->debug ($subcmd, \@extraargs);
495 The C<$h-E<gt>debug> command exposes some internals of
496 C<guestfsd> (the guestfs daemon) that runs inside the
499 There is no comprehensive help for this command. You have
500 to look at the file C<daemon/debug.c> in the libguestfs source
501 to find out what you can do.
503 =item $output = $h->df ();
505 This command runs the C<df> command to report disk space used.
507 This command is mostly useful for interactive sessions. It
508 is I<not> intended that you try to parse the output string.
509 Use C<statvfs> from programs.
511 =item $output = $h->df_h ();
513 This command runs the C<df -h> command to report disk space used
514 in human-readable format.
516 This command is mostly useful for interactive sessions. It
517 is I<not> intended that you try to parse the output string.
518 Use C<statvfs> from programs.
520 =item $kmsgs = $h->dmesg ();
522 This returns the kernel messages (C<dmesg> output) from
523 the guest kernel. This is sometimes useful for extended
524 debugging of problems.
526 Another way to get the same information is to enable
527 verbose messages with C<$h-E<gt>set_verbose> or by setting
528 the environment variable C<LIBGUESTFS_DEBUG=1> before
531 =item $h->download ($remotefilename, $filename);
533 Download file C<remotefilename> and save it as C<filename>
534 on the local machine.
536 C<filename> can also be a named pipe.
538 See also C<$h-E<gt>upload>, C<$h-E<gt>cat>.
540 =item $h->drop_caches ($whattodrop);
542 This instructs the guest kernel to drop its page cache,
543 and/or dentries and inode caches. The parameter C<whattodrop>
544 tells the kernel what precisely to drop, see
545 L<http://linux-mm.org/Drop_Caches>
547 Setting C<whattodrop> to 3 should drop everything.
549 This automatically calls L<sync(2)> before the operation,
550 so that the maximum guest memory is freed.
552 =item $sizekb = $h->du ($path);
554 This command runs the C<du -s> command to estimate file space
557 C<path> can be a file or a directory. If C<path> is a directory
558 then the estimate includes the contents of the directory and all
559 subdirectories (recursively).
561 The result is the estimated size in I<kilobytes>
562 (ie. units of 1024 bytes).
564 =item $h->e2fsck_f ($device);
566 This runs C<e2fsck -p -f device>, ie. runs the ext2/ext3
567 filesystem checker on C<device>, noninteractively (C<-p>),
568 even if the filesystem appears to be clean (C<-f>).
570 This command is only needed because of C<$h-E<gt>resize2fs>
571 (q.v.). Normally you should use C<$h-E<gt>fsck>.
573 =item $h->end_busy ();
575 This sets the state to C<READY>, or if in C<CONFIG> then it leaves the
576 state as is. This is only used when implementing
577 actions using the low-level API.
579 For more information on states, see L<guestfs(3)>.
581 =item $equality = $h->equal ($file1, $file2);
583 This compares the two files C<file1> and C<file2> and returns
584 true if their content is exactly equal, or false otherwise.
586 The external L<cmp(1)> program is used for the comparison.
588 =item $existsflag = $h->exists ($path);
590 This returns C<true> if and only if there is a file, directory
591 (or anything) with the given C<path> name.
593 See also C<$h-E<gt>is_file>, C<$h-E<gt>is_dir>, C<$h-E<gt>stat>.
595 =item $description = $h->file ($path);
597 This call uses the standard L<file(1)> command to determine
598 the type or contents of the file. This also works on devices,
599 for example to find out whether a partition contains a filesystem.
601 The exact command which runs is C<file -bsL path>. Note in
602 particular that the filename is not prepended to the output
605 =item @names = $h->find ($directory);
607 This command lists out all files and directories, recursively,
608 starting at C<directory>. It is essentially equivalent to
609 running the shell command C<find directory -print> but some
610 post-processing happens on the output, described below.
612 This returns a list of strings I<without any prefix>. Thus
613 if the directory structure was:
619 then the returned list from C<$h-E<gt>find> C</tmp> would be
627 If C<directory> is not a directory, then this command returns
630 The returned list is sorted.
632 =item $status = $h->fsck ($fstype, $device);
634 This runs the filesystem checker (fsck) on C<device> which
635 should have filesystem type C<fstype>.
637 The returned integer is the status. See L<fsck(8)> for the
638 list of status codes from C<fsck>.
646 Multiple status codes can be summed together.
650 A non-zero return code can mean "success", for example if
651 errors have been corrected on the filesystem.
655 Checking or repairing NTFS volumes is not supported
660 This command is entirely equivalent to running C<fsck -a -t fstype device>.
662 =item $append = $h->get_append ();
664 Return the additional kernel options which are added to the
665 guest kernel command line.
667 If C<NULL> then no options are added.
669 =item $autosync = $h->get_autosync ();
671 Get the autosync flag.
673 =item $label = $h->get_e2label ($device);
675 This returns the ext2/3/4 filesystem label of the filesystem on
678 =item $uuid = $h->get_e2uuid ($device);
680 This returns the ext2/3/4 filesystem UUID of the filesystem on
683 =item $path = $h->get_path ();
685 Return the current search path.
687 This is always non-NULL. If it wasn't set already, then this will
688 return the default path.
690 =item $qemu = $h->get_qemu ();
692 Return the current qemu binary.
694 This is always non-NULL. If it wasn't set already, then this will
695 return the default qemu binary name.
697 =item $state = $h->get_state ();
699 This returns the current state as an opaque integer. This is
700 only useful for printing debug and internal error messages.
702 For more information on states, see L<guestfs(3)>.
704 =item $verbose = $h->get_verbose ();
706 This returns the verbose messages flag.
708 =item @paths = $h->glob_expand ($pattern);
710 This command searches for all the pathnames matching
711 C<pattern> according to the wildcard expansion rules
714 If no paths match, then this returns an empty list
715 (note: not an error).
717 It is just a wrapper around the C L<glob(3)> function
718 with flags C<GLOB_MARK|GLOB_BRACE>.
719 See that manual page for more details.
721 =item $h->grub_install ($root, $device);
723 This command installs GRUB (the Grand Unified Bootloader) on
724 C<device>, with the root directory being C<root>.
726 =item @lines = $h->head ($path);
728 This command returns up to the first 10 lines of a file as
731 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
732 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
735 =item @lines = $h->head_n ($nrlines, $path);
737 If the parameter C<nrlines> is a positive number, this returns the first
738 C<nrlines> lines of the file C<path>.
740 If the parameter C<nrlines> is a negative number, this returns lines
741 from the file C<path>, excluding the last C<nrlines> lines.
743 If the parameter C<nrlines> is zero, this returns an empty list.
745 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
746 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
749 =item $dump = $h->hexdump ($path);
751 This runs C<hexdump -C> on the given C<path>. The result is
752 the human-readable, canonical hex dump of the file.
754 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
755 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
758 =item @filenames = $h->initrd_list ($path);
760 This command lists out files contained in an initrd.
762 The files are listed without any initial C</> character. The
763 files are listed in the order they appear (not necessarily
764 alphabetical). Directory names are listed as separate items.
766 Old Linux kernels (2.4 and earlier) used a compressed ext2
767 filesystem as initrd. We I<only> support the newer initramfs
768 format (compressed cpio files).
770 =item $busy = $h->is_busy ();
772 This returns true iff this handle is busy processing a command
773 (in the C<BUSY> state).
775 For more information on states, see L<guestfs(3)>.
777 =item $config = $h->is_config ();
779 This returns true iff this handle is being configured
780 (in the C<CONFIG> state).
782 For more information on states, see L<guestfs(3)>.
784 =item $dirflag = $h->is_dir ($path);
786 This returns C<true> if and only if there is a directory
787 with the given C<path> name. Note that it returns false for
788 other objects like files.
790 See also C<$h-E<gt>stat>.
792 =item $fileflag = $h->is_file ($path);
794 This returns C<true> if and only if there is a file
795 with the given C<path> name. Note that it returns false for
796 other objects like directories.
798 See also C<$h-E<gt>stat>.
800 =item $launching = $h->is_launching ();
802 This returns true iff this handle is launching the subprocess
803 (in the C<LAUNCHING> state).
805 For more information on states, see L<guestfs(3)>.
807 =item $ready = $h->is_ready ();
809 This returns true iff this handle is ready to accept commands
810 (in the C<READY> state).
812 For more information on states, see L<guestfs(3)>.
814 =item $h->kill_subprocess ();
816 This kills the qemu subprocess. You should never need to call this.
820 Internally libguestfs is implemented by running a virtual machine
823 You should call this after configuring the handle
824 (eg. adding drives) but before performing any actions.
826 =item @devices = $h->list_devices ();
828 List all the block devices.
830 The full block device names are returned, eg. C</dev/sda>
832 =item @partitions = $h->list_partitions ();
834 List all the partitions detected on all block devices.
836 The full partition device names are returned, eg. C</dev/sda1>
838 This does not return logical volumes. For that you will need to
841 =item $listing = $h->ll ($directory);
843 List the files in C<directory> (relative to the root directory,
844 there is no cwd) in the format of 'ls -la'.
846 This command is mostly useful for interactive sessions. It
847 is I<not> intended that you try to parse the output string.
849 =item @listing = $h->ls ($directory);
851 List the files in C<directory> (relative to the root directory,
852 there is no cwd). The '.' and '..' entries are not returned, but
853 hidden files are shown.
855 This command is mostly useful for interactive sessions. Programs
856 should probably use C<$h-E<gt>readdir> instead.
858 =item %statbuf = $h->lstat ($path);
860 Returns file information for the given C<path>.
862 This is the same as C<$h-E<gt>stat> except that if C<path>
863 is a symbolic link, then the link is stat-ed, not the file it
866 This is the same as the C<lstat(2)> system call.
868 =item $h->lvcreate ($logvol, $volgroup, $mbytes);
870 This creates an LVM volume group called C<logvol>
871 on the volume group C<volgroup>, with C<size> megabytes.
873 =item $h->lvm_remove_all ();
875 This command removes all LVM logical volumes, volume groups
876 and physical volumes.
878 B<This command is dangerous. Without careful use you
879 can easily destroy all your data>.
881 =item $h->lvremove ($device);
883 Remove an LVM logical volume C<device>, where C<device> is
884 the path to the LV, such as C</dev/VG/LV>.
886 You can also remove all LVs in a volume group by specifying
887 the VG name, C</dev/VG>.
889 =item $h->lvresize ($device, $mbytes);
891 This resizes (expands or shrinks) an existing LVM logical
892 volume to C<mbytes>. When reducing, data in the reduced part
895 =item @logvols = $h->lvs ();
897 List all the logical volumes detected. This is the equivalent
898 of the L<lvs(8)> command.
900 This returns a list of the logical volume device names
901 (eg. C</dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00>).
903 See also C<$h-E<gt>lvs_full>.
905 =item @logvols = $h->lvs_full ();
907 List all the logical volumes detected. This is the equivalent
908 of the L<lvs(8)> command. The "full" version includes all fields.
910 =item $h->mkdir ($path);
912 Create a directory named C<path>.
914 =item $h->mkdir_p ($path);
916 Create a directory named C<path>, creating any parent directories
917 as necessary. This is like the C<mkdir -p> shell command.
919 =item $dir = $h->mkdtemp ($template);
921 This command creates a temporary directory. The
922 C<template> parameter should be a full pathname for the
923 temporary directory name with the final six characters being
926 For example: "/tmp/myprogXXXXXX" or "/Temp/myprogXXXXXX",
927 the second one being suitable for Windows filesystems.
929 The name of the temporary directory that was created
932 The temporary directory is created with mode 0700
933 and is owned by root.
935 The caller is responsible for deleting the temporary
936 directory and its contents after use.
938 See also: L<mkdtemp(3)>
940 =item $h->mkfs ($fstype, $device);
942 This creates a filesystem on C<device> (usually a partition
943 or LVM logical volume). The filesystem type is C<fstype>, for
946 =item $h->mount ($device, $mountpoint);
948 Mount a guest disk at a position in the filesystem. Block devices
949 are named C</dev/sda>, C</dev/sdb> and so on, as they were added to
950 the guest. If those block devices contain partitions, they will have
951 the usual names (eg. C</dev/sda1>). Also LVM C</dev/VG/LV>-style
954 The rules are the same as for L<mount(2)>: A filesystem must
955 first be mounted on C</> before others can be mounted. Other
956 filesystems can only be mounted on directories which already
959 The mounted filesystem is writable, if we have sufficient permissions
960 on the underlying device.
962 The filesystem options C<sync> and C<noatime> are set with this
963 call, in order to improve reliability.
965 =item $h->mount_loop ($file, $mountpoint);
967 This command lets you mount C<file> (a filesystem image
968 in a file) on a mount point. It is entirely equivalent to
969 the command C<mount -o loop file mountpoint>.
971 =item $h->mount_options ($options, $device, $mountpoint);
973 This is the same as the C<$h-E<gt>mount> command, but it
974 allows you to set the mount options as for the
975 L<mount(8)> I<-o> flag.
977 =item $h->mount_ro ($device, $mountpoint);
979 This is the same as the C<$h-E<gt>mount> command, but it
980 mounts the filesystem with the read-only (I<-o ro>) flag.
982 =item $h->mount_vfs ($options, $vfstype, $device, $mountpoint);
984 This is the same as the C<$h-E<gt>mount> command, but it
985 allows you to set both the mount options and the vfstype
986 as for the L<mount(8)> I<-o> and I<-t> flags.
988 =item @devices = $h->mounts ();
990 This returns the list of currently mounted filesystems. It returns
991 the list of devices (eg. C</dev/sda1>, C</dev/VG/LV>).
993 Some internal mounts are not shown.
995 =item $h->mv ($src, $dest);
997 This moves a file from C<src> to C<dest> where C<dest> is
998 either a destination filename or destination directory.
1000 =item $status = $h->ntfs_3g_probe ($rw, $device);
1002 This command runs the L<ntfs-3g.probe(8)> command which probes
1003 an NTFS C<device> for mountability. (Not all NTFS volumes can
1004 be mounted read-write, and some cannot be mounted at all).
1006 C<rw> is a boolean flag. Set it to true if you want to test
1007 if the volume can be mounted read-write. Set it to false if
1008 you want to test if the volume can be mounted read-only.
1010 The return value is an integer which C<0> if the operation
1011 would succeed, or some non-zero value documented in the
1012 L<ntfs-3g.probe(8)> manual page.
1014 =item $h->ping_daemon ();
1016 This is a test probe into the guestfs daemon running inside
1017 the qemu subprocess. Calling this function checks that the
1018 daemon responds to the ping message, without affecting the daemon
1019 or attached block device(s) in any other way.
1021 =item $h->pvcreate ($device);
1023 This creates an LVM physical volume on the named C<device>,
1024 where C<device> should usually be a partition name such
1027 =item $h->pvremove ($device);
1029 This wipes a physical volume C<device> so that LVM will no longer
1032 The implementation uses the C<pvremove> command which refuses to
1033 wipe physical volumes that contain any volume groups, so you have
1034 to remove those first.
1036 =item $h->pvresize ($device);
1038 This resizes (expands or shrinks) an existing LVM physical
1039 volume to match the new size of the underlying device.
1041 =item @physvols = $h->pvs ();
1043 List all the physical volumes detected. This is the equivalent
1044 of the L<pvs(8)> command.
1046 This returns a list of just the device names that contain
1047 PVs (eg. C</dev/sda2>).
1049 See also C<$h-E<gt>pvs_full>.
1051 =item @physvols = $h->pvs_full ();
1053 List all the physical volumes detected. This is the equivalent
1054 of the L<pvs(8)> command. The "full" version includes all fields.
1056 =item @lines = $h->read_lines ($path);
1058 Return the contents of the file named C<path>.
1060 The file contents are returned as a list of lines. Trailing
1061 C<LF> and C<CRLF> character sequences are I<not> returned.
1063 Note that this function cannot correctly handle binary files
1064 (specifically, files containing C<\0> character which is treated
1065 as end of line). For those you need to use the C<$h-E<gt>read_file>
1066 function which has a more complex interface.
1068 =item $h->resize2fs ($device);
1070 This resizes an ext2 or ext3 filesystem to match the size of
1071 the underlying device.
1073 I<Note:> It is sometimes required that you run C<$h-E<gt>e2fsck_f>
1074 on the C<device> before calling this command. For unknown reasons
1075 C<resize2fs> sometimes gives an error about this and sometimes not.
1076 In any case, it is always safe to call C<$h-E<gt>e2fsck_f> before
1077 calling this function.
1079 =item $h->rm ($path);
1081 Remove the single file C<path>.
1083 =item $h->rm_rf ($path);
1085 Remove the file or directory C<path>, recursively removing the
1086 contents if its a directory. This is like the C<rm -rf> shell
1089 =item $h->rmdir ($path);
1091 Remove the single directory C<path>.
1093 =item $h->scrub_device ($device);
1095 This command writes patterns over C<device> to make data retrieval
1098 It is an interface to the L<scrub(1)> program. See that
1099 manual page for more details.
1101 B<This command is dangerous. Without careful use you
1102 can easily destroy all your data>.
1104 =item $h->scrub_file ($file);
1106 This command writes patterns over a file to make data retrieval
1109 The file is I<removed> after scrubbing.
1111 It is an interface to the L<scrub(1)> program. See that
1112 manual page for more details.
1114 =item $h->scrub_freespace ($dir);
1116 This command creates the directory C<dir> and then fills it
1117 with files until the filesystem is full, and scrubs the files
1118 as for C<$h-E<gt>scrub_file>, and deletes them.
1119 The intention is to scrub any free space on the partition
1122 It is an interface to the L<scrub(1)> program. See that
1123 manual page for more details.
1125 =item $h->set_append ($append);
1127 This function is used to add additional options to the
1128 guest kernel command line.
1130 The default is C<NULL> unless overridden by setting
1131 C<LIBGUESTFS_APPEND> environment variable.
1133 Setting C<append> to C<NULL> means I<no> additional options
1134 are passed (libguestfs always adds a few of its own).
1136 =item $h->set_autosync ($autosync);
1138 If C<autosync> is true, this enables autosync. Libguestfs will make a
1139 best effort attempt to run C<$h-E<gt>umount_all> followed by
1140 C<$h-E<gt>sync> when the handle is closed
1141 (also if the program exits without closing handles).
1143 This is disabled by default (except in guestfish where it is
1144 enabled by default).
1146 =item $h->set_busy ();
1148 This sets the state to C<BUSY>. This is only used when implementing
1149 actions using the low-level API.
1151 For more information on states, see L<guestfs(3)>.
1153 =item $h->set_e2label ($device, $label);
1155 This sets the ext2/3/4 filesystem label of the filesystem on
1156 C<device> to C<label>. Filesystem labels are limited to
1159 You can use either C<$h-E<gt>tune2fs_l> or C<$h-E<gt>get_e2label>
1160 to return the existing label on a filesystem.
1162 =item $h->set_e2uuid ($device, $uuid);
1164 This sets the ext2/3/4 filesystem UUID of the filesystem on
1165 C<device> to C<uuid>. The format of the UUID and alternatives
1166 such as C<clear>, C<random> and C<time> are described in the
1167 L<tune2fs(8)> manpage.
1169 You can use either C<$h-E<gt>tune2fs_l> or C<$h-E<gt>get_e2uuid>
1170 to return the existing UUID of a filesystem.
1172 =item $h->set_path ($path);
1174 Set the path that libguestfs searches for kernel and initrd.img.
1176 The default is C<$libdir/guestfs> unless overridden by setting
1177 C<LIBGUESTFS_PATH> environment variable.
1179 Setting C<path> to C<NULL> restores the default path.
1181 =item $h->set_qemu ($qemu);
1183 Set the qemu binary that we will use.
1185 The default is chosen when the library was compiled by the
1188 You can also override this by setting the C<LIBGUESTFS_QEMU>
1189 environment variable.
1191 Setting C<qemu> to C<NULL> restores the default qemu binary.
1193 =item $h->set_ready ();
1195 This sets the state to C<READY>. This is only used when implementing
1196 actions using the low-level API.
1198 For more information on states, see L<guestfs(3)>.
1200 =item $h->set_verbose ($verbose);
1202 If C<verbose> is true, this turns on verbose messages (to C<stderr>).
1204 Verbose messages are disabled unless the environment variable
1205 C<LIBGUESTFS_DEBUG> is defined and set to C<1>.
1207 =item $h->sfdisk ($device, $cyls, $heads, $sectors, \@lines);
1209 This is a direct interface to the L<sfdisk(8)> program for creating
1210 partitions on block devices.
1212 C<device> should be a block device, for example C</dev/sda>.
1214 C<cyls>, C<heads> and C<sectors> are the number of cylinders, heads
1215 and sectors on the device, which are passed directly to sfdisk as
1216 the I<-C>, I<-H> and I<-S> parameters. If you pass C<0> for any
1217 of these, then the corresponding parameter is omitted. Usually for
1218 'large' disks, you can just pass C<0> for these, but for small
1219 (floppy-sized) disks, sfdisk (or rather, the kernel) cannot work
1220 out the right geometry and you will need to tell it.
1222 C<lines> is a list of lines that we feed to C<sfdisk>. For more
1223 information refer to the L<sfdisk(8)> manpage.
1225 To create a single partition occupying the whole disk, you would
1226 pass C<lines> as a single element list, when the single element being
1227 the string C<,> (comma).
1229 See also: C<$h-E<gt>sfdisk_l>, C<$h-E<gt>sfdisk_N>
1231 B<This command is dangerous. Without careful use you
1232 can easily destroy all your data>.
1234 =item $h->sfdisk_N ($device, $partnum, $cyls, $heads, $sectors, $line);
1236 This runs L<sfdisk(8)> option to modify just the single
1237 partition C<n> (note: C<n> counts from 1).
1239 For other parameters, see C<$h-E<gt>sfdisk>. You should usually
1240 pass C<0> for the cyls/heads/sectors parameters.
1242 B<This command is dangerous. Without careful use you
1243 can easily destroy all your data>.
1245 =item $partitions = $h->sfdisk_disk_geometry ($device);
1247 This displays the disk geometry of C<device> read from the
1248 partition table. Especially in the case where the underlying
1249 block device has been resized, this can be different from the
1250 kernel's idea of the geometry (see C<$h-E<gt>sfdisk_kernel_geometry>).
1252 The result is in human-readable format, and not designed to
1255 =item $partitions = $h->sfdisk_kernel_geometry ($device);
1257 This displays the kernel's idea of the geometry of C<device>.
1259 The result is in human-readable format, and not designed to
1262 =item $partitions = $h->sfdisk_l ($device);
1264 This displays the partition table on C<device>, in the
1265 human-readable output of the L<sfdisk(8)> command. It is
1266 not intended to be parsed.
1268 =item $output = $h->sh ($command);
1270 This call runs a command from the guest filesystem via the
1273 This is like C<$h-E<gt>command>, but passes the command to:
1275 /bin/sh -c "command"
1277 Depending on the guest's shell, this usually results in
1278 wildcards being expanded, shell expressions being interpolated
1281 All the provisos about C<$h-E<gt>command> apply to this call.
1283 =item @lines = $h->sh_lines ($command);
1285 This is the same as C<$h-E<gt>sh>, but splits the result
1286 into a list of lines.
1288 See also: C<$h-E<gt>command_lines>
1290 =item $h->sleep ($secs);
1292 Sleep for C<secs> seconds.
1294 =item %statbuf = $h->stat ($path);
1296 Returns file information for the given C<path>.
1298 This is the same as the C<stat(2)> system call.
1300 =item %statbuf = $h->statvfs ($path);
1302 Returns file system statistics for any mounted file system.
1303 C<path> should be a file or directory in the mounted file system
1304 (typically it is the mount point itself, but it doesn't need to be).
1306 This is the same as the C<statvfs(2)> system call.
1308 =item @stringsout = $h->strings ($path);
1310 This runs the L<strings(1)> command on a file and returns
1311 the list of printable strings found.
1313 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
1314 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
1317 =item @stringsout = $h->strings_e ($encoding, $path);
1319 This is like the C<$h-E<gt>strings> command, but allows you to
1320 specify the encoding.
1322 See the L<strings(1)> manpage for the full list of encodings.
1324 Commonly useful encodings are C<l> (lower case L) which will
1325 show strings inside Windows/x86 files.
1327 The returned strings are transcoded to UTF-8.
1329 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
1330 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
1335 This syncs the disk, so that any writes are flushed through to the
1336 underlying disk image.
1338 You should always call this if you have modified a disk image, before
1341 =item @lines = $h->tail ($path);
1343 This command returns up to the last 10 lines of a file as
1346 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
1347 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
1350 =item @lines = $h->tail_n ($nrlines, $path);
1352 If the parameter C<nrlines> is a positive number, this returns the last
1353 C<nrlines> lines of the file C<path>.
1355 If the parameter C<nrlines> is a negative number, this returns lines
1356 from the file C<path>, starting with the C<-nrlines>th line.
1358 If the parameter C<nrlines> is zero, this returns an empty list.
1360 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
1361 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
1364 =item $h->tar_in ($tarfile, $directory);
1366 This command uploads and unpacks local file C<tarfile> (an
1367 I<uncompressed> tar file) into C<directory>.
1369 To upload a compressed tarball, use C<$h-E<gt>tgz_in>.
1371 =item $h->tar_out ($directory, $tarfile);
1373 This command packs the contents of C<directory> and downloads
1374 it to local file C<tarfile>.
1376 To download a compressed tarball, use C<$h-E<gt>tgz_out>.
1378 =item $h->tgz_in ($tarball, $directory);
1380 This command uploads and unpacks local file C<tarball> (a
1381 I<gzip compressed> tar file) into C<directory>.
1383 To upload an uncompressed tarball, use C<$h-E<gt>tar_in>.
1385 =item $h->tgz_out ($directory, $tarball);
1387 This command packs the contents of C<directory> and downloads
1388 it to local file C<tarball>.
1390 To download an uncompressed tarball, use C<$h-E<gt>tar_out>.
1392 =item $h->touch ($path);
1394 Touch acts like the L<touch(1)> command. It can be used to
1395 update the timestamps on a file, or, if the file does not exist,
1396 to create a new zero-length file.
1398 =item %superblock = $h->tune2fs_l ($device);
1400 This returns the contents of the ext2, ext3 or ext4 filesystem
1401 superblock on C<device>.
1403 It is the same as running C<tune2fs -l device>. See L<tune2fs(8)>
1404 manpage for more details. The list of fields returned isn't
1405 clearly defined, and depends on both the version of C<tune2fs>
1406 that libguestfs was built against, and the filesystem itself.
1408 =item $h->umount ($pathordevice);
1410 This unmounts the given filesystem. The filesystem may be
1411 specified either by its mountpoint (path) or the device which
1412 contains the filesystem.
1414 =item $h->umount_all ();
1416 This unmounts all mounted filesystems.
1418 Some internal mounts are not unmounted by this call.
1420 =item $h->upload ($filename, $remotefilename);
1422 Upload local file C<filename> to C<remotefilename> on the
1425 C<filename> can also be a named pipe.
1427 See also C<$h-E<gt>download>.
1429 =item $h->vg_activate ($activate, \@volgroups);
1431 This command activates or (if C<activate> is false) deactivates
1432 all logical volumes in the listed volume groups C<volgroups>.
1433 If activated, then they are made known to the
1434 kernel, ie. they appear as C</dev/mapper> devices. If deactivated,
1435 then those devices disappear.
1437 This command is the same as running C<vgchange -a y|n volgroups...>
1439 Note that if C<volgroups> is an empty list then B<all> volume groups
1440 are activated or deactivated.
1442 =item $h->vg_activate_all ($activate);
1444 This command activates or (if C<activate> is false) deactivates
1445 all logical volumes in all volume groups.
1446 If activated, then they are made known to the
1447 kernel, ie. they appear as C</dev/mapper> devices. If deactivated,
1448 then those devices disappear.
1450 This command is the same as running C<vgchange -a y|n>
1452 =item $h->vgcreate ($volgroup, \@physvols);
1454 This creates an LVM volume group called C<volgroup>
1455 from the non-empty list of physical volumes C<physvols>.
1457 =item $h->vgremove ($vgname);
1459 Remove an LVM volume group C<vgname>, (for example C<VG>).
1461 This also forcibly removes all logical volumes in the volume
1464 =item @volgroups = $h->vgs ();
1466 List all the volumes groups detected. This is the equivalent
1467 of the L<vgs(8)> command.
1469 This returns a list of just the volume group names that were
1470 detected (eg. C<VolGroup00>).
1472 See also C<$h-E<gt>vgs_full>.
1474 =item @volgroups = $h->vgs_full ();
1476 List all the volumes groups detected. This is the equivalent
1477 of the L<vgs(8)> command. The "full" version includes all fields.
1479 =item $h->wait_ready ();
1481 Internally libguestfs is implemented by running a virtual machine
1484 You should call this after C<$h-E<gt>launch> to wait for the launch
1487 =item $chars = $h->wc_c ($path);
1489 This command counts the characters in a file, using the
1490 C<wc -c> external command.
1492 =item $lines = $h->wc_l ($path);
1494 This command counts the lines in a file, using the
1495 C<wc -l> external command.
1497 =item $words = $h->wc_w ($path);
1499 This command counts the words in a file, using the
1500 C<wc -w> external command.
1502 =item $h->write_file ($path, $content, $size);
1504 This call creates a file called C<path>. The contents of the
1505 file is the string C<content> (which can contain any 8 bit data),
1506 with length C<size>.
1508 As a special case, if C<size> is C<0>
1509 then the length is calculated using C<strlen> (so in this case
1510 the content cannot contain embedded ASCII NULs).
1512 I<NB.> Owing to a bug, writing content containing ASCII NUL
1513 characters does I<not> work, even if the length is specified.
1514 We hope to resolve this bug in a future version. In the meantime
1515 use C<$h-E<gt>upload>.
1517 Because of the message protocol, there is a transfer limit
1518 of somewhere between 2MB and 4MB. To transfer large files you should use
1521 =item $h->zero ($device);
1523 This command writes zeroes over the first few blocks of C<device>.
1525 How many blocks are zeroed isn't specified (but it's I<not> enough
1526 to securely wipe the device). It should be sufficient to remove
1527 any partition tables, filesystem superblocks and so on.
1529 See also: C<$h-E<gt>scrub_device>.
1531 =item $h->zerofree ($device);
1533 This runs the I<zerofree> program on C<device>. This program
1534 claims to zero unused inodes and disk blocks on an ext2/3
1535 filesystem, thus making it possible to compress the filesystem
1538 You should B<not> run this program if the filesystem is
1541 It is possible that using this program can damage the filesystem
1542 or data on the filesystem.
1552 Copyright (C) 2009 Red Hat Inc.
1556 Please see the file COPYING.LIB for the full license.
1560 L<guestfs(3)>, L<guestfish(1)>.